Akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ nke alcohols

Okwu ahụ bụ "akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ" na-eji na nkà mmụta ọgwụ (pụtara akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ), na ụgbọelu (ọ bụ a ọnwụ nke mmiri ụgbọelu n'oge ụgbọ elu), na onwu (mmeghachi omume, nke rụpụtara organic ụmụ irighiri kewaa anya mmiri). Jeremaya mere, nke alcohols akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ e ji mara nke ogige mbụ maara dị ka mmanya. The usoro retara site kpo oku na ọnụnọ nke na-ewe mmiri, nke na-na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid, zinc chloride, aluminum oxide ma ọ bụ acid phosphoric. Dabere na mmeghachi omume na ọnọdụ nwere ike na-etolite unsaturated hydrocarbons, ma ọ bụ ethers, e kewara na, ya, ka intramolecular na intermolecular akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ.

Ethers hiwere ya mgbe mmeghachi omume a na-mụụrụ na a ala na okpomọkụ na ngafe mmanya. Na nzọụkwụ mbụ nke na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid Ester a nwetara: C2H5OH + HO-SO2OH ↔ C2H5O-SO2OH + H2O. Ọ bụrụ na mmeghachi omume ngwakọta na-ahụ ụtọ, mgbe ahụ, kpụrụ ethylsulfuric acid na-meghachi omume na ngafe nke mmanya: C2H5O-SO2OH + C2H5OH → C2H5O-C2H5 + H2SO4. N'ihi bụ diethyl (ma ọ bụ sọlfọ) ether. Dị ka atụmatụ a wee intermolecular akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ nke alcohols. N'ihi ya, site kewara ndị na-aba n'anya si abụọ ụmụ irighiri nke abụọ hydrogen atọm na otu oxygen atọm (ha na-etolite otu mmiri molekul) kpụrụ ethers. Na ụlọ ọrụ, diethyl ether emepụta site agafe mmanya ihe karịrị otu ụzọ nke aluminum oxide na okpomọkụ nke 250 ° C. The mmeghachi omume na atụmatụ bụ dị ka ndị: 2C2H5-OH → C2H5-O-C2H5 + H2O.

Intramolecular akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ nke alcohols nwere ike ime naanị na elu okpomọkụ. N'ihi ya si otu mmanya molekul (kama abụọ dị ka na aga na ikpe) ekewapụ mmiri molekul na abụọ carbon atọm kpụrụ otu abụọ nkekọ. Jiri usoro a maka nkwadebe nke unsaturated hydrocarbons. Eji maka nzube a na monoalcohols. Ka ihe atụ, cleavage mmiri ka ethanol bụ rụrụ na a okpomọkụ nke 500 ° C n'elu a dehydrating mkpali, e.g., alumina Al2O3 ma ọ bụ zinc chloride ZnCl2.

Akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ nke alcohols - bụ a mfe usoro maka amị gaseous alkenes ke ụlọ nyocha. Ọ na-eji maka mmepụta nke ethylene si ethanol: CH3-CH2-OH → CH2 = CH2 + H2O. Akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ nwere ike na-ebe ke ọnụnọ nke a mkpali nke bụ alumina. Ụzọ abụọ nke ethyl mmanya na-gabiga kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ alumina ntụ ntụ. Segregated mmiri etinye obi gị dum dị ka uzuoku, si otú na-anọchi a dị ọcha ethylene. Na usoro a, àgwà nke mkpali ike ga-eji lekwasị asịd, e.g., na igirigi ibu sulphuric ma ọ bụ phosphoric. Ha, dị ka aluminum oxide,-enweta dehydrating Njirimara. Otú ọ dị, ebe ọ bụ na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid bụkwa a ike oxidizing gị n'ụlọnga, ọ na-arụpụta a otutu site na-na ngwaahịa (e.g., ihe na-aba n'anya na-oxidized na carbon dioxide, na acid-ebelata ka sọlfọ dioxide), otú ahụ na-emepụta gas na-achọ ndị ọzọ ọcha.

Akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ nke alcohols nke cyclic Ọdịdị, e.g., akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ nke cyclohexanol, nwere ike na-ebe ke ọnụnọ nke phosphoric acid. Ọ bụ mgbe na-ahọrọ na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid, dị ka ọ bụ, na-enwe ezi dehydrating Njirimara, obere na-eme ka e guzobere by-ngwaahịa, nakwa dị ka ihe nchebe. Dị ka a n'ihi nke ndị dị otú ahụ mmeghachi omume na-amị cyclohexene. Eziokwu ahụ bụ na carbon atọm jikọtara na mgbanaka anaghị agbanwe onwu nke mmeghachi omume: C6H11-OH → C6H10 + H2O. Cyclohexanol na-ewe iwe na ndọpụ phosphoric (V) acid. Ihe cyclic hydrocarbon-enwe otu abụọ nkekọ na mgbaaka bụ a mmiri mmiri umi, Otú ọ dị maka ọcha adịghị ya na-distilled.

Ọ dịkwa ike akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ nke alcohols nwere na a molekul multiple hydroxyl iche iche. Dị ka ihe atụ maka polyhydric alcohols pụrụ ịtụle mmeghachi omume ya pụta na mkpochapu abụọ ụmụ irighiri mmiri si abụọ ụmụ irighiri nke ethylene glycol, si otú na-akpụ a cyclic ether, dioxane: 2OH-CH2-CH2-OH → (C2H4O) 2. Akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ bụ n'oge distillation nke ethylene glycol na ọnụnọ nke na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid. Nke a bụ otu n'ime ulo oru teknụzụ nke n'ikuku nke dioxane.

N'ihi ya, anyị nwere ike ikwu na akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ nke alcohols na nwere ulo oru na laabu ngwa. N'ihi ya, chemical ogige na-guzobere, nke na-eji maka nnyocha, nakwa dị ka ngwaọrụ ma ọ bụ nke inyeaka reagents maka chemical ụlọ ọrụ.