Aluminom, aluminom mmepụta: technology, usoro na nkọwa

Aluminom nwere otutu ihe onwunwe nke mere ka ọ buru otu n'ime ihe eji eme ihe n'uwa. A na-ekesa ya n'ụzọ nkịtị, na-ebute ụzọ n'etiti ọla. Ọ ga - adị ka ọ ga - enwe nsogbu ọ bụla na mmepụta ya. Ma ọrụ kemikarị dị elu nke ígwè ahụ na-eduga n'eziokwu ahụ na n'ime ụdị ya dị ọcha ọ dịghị ezute, ọ na-esikwa ike ịmepụta - ọ bụ ike na-efu oke.

Ihe ndi ozo maka mmeputa

Kedu ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe bụ aluminom mepụtara? Mmepụta nke aluminom sitere na ihe omimi nile nke nwere ya bu ihe di oke ahia. Wepụ ya si bauxite, nke nwere ruo 50% aluminum oxides na-edebe na na n'elu ụwa akwa pụta.

Ndị a aluminum ore nwere kama mgbagwoju chemical mejupụtara. Ha nwere alumina n'ime 30-70% nke ngụkọta dum, silica, nke nwere ike ruo 20%, ígwè oxide si na 2 ruo 50%, titanium (aka 10%).

Ntucha, nke a bụ aluminum oxide, bụ nke hydroxides, corundum na kaolinite.

N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, a na-enweta ihe ndị na-emepụta aluminom site na nephelines, nke nwekwara sodium, potassium, silicon, na oxides.

Iji nweta 1 ton nke aluminom dị ọcha, ihe dị ka tọn abụọ alumina dị mkpa, nke a na-enweta site na ihe dị ka tọn 4.5 nke bauxite.

Nkwụnye ego nke bauxite

Enwere bauxite nke dị n'ụwa. Na ụwa dum, e nwere nanị mpaghara asaa na ọgaranya ya. Nke a bụ Guinea na Africa, Brazil, Venezuela na Suriname na South America, Jamaica na Caribbean, Australia, India, China, Greece na Turkey na Mediterranean na Russia.

Na mba ebe enwere nnukwu ego nke bauxite, a pụkwara ịmepụta mmepụta aluminom. Russia na-ewepụta bauxite na Urals, na mpaghara Altai na Krasnoyarsk, n'otu mpaghara nke mpaghara Leningrad, nwa nwanne - na Kola Peninsula.

Ihe kacha baa ọgaranya bụ ụlọ ọrụ United States UC RUSAL. Ndị dike ahụ bụ Rio Tinto (England-Australia) na-esochi ya, ya na Canada Alcan na CVRD. Ebe nke anọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ Chalco si China, mgbe ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ American-Australian Corporation bụ Alcoa, nke bụkwa ndị na-emepụta ngwá ọrụ aluminum.

Mmalite nke mmepụta

Ochsted bụ onye ọkà mmụta physics nke Denmark kwuru na nke mbụ bụ nke aluminom n'asụsụ free na 1825. The chemical mmeghachi omume wee ebe na aluminum chloride na potassium njikọta, kama nke afọ abụọ gasịrị German mmiri ọgwụ Wohler iji dara potassium.

Potassium - ihe onwunwe dị oke ọnụ, ya mere, na mmepụta ihe nke ala aluminum, onye French French Saint Clair Deville kama potassium na 1854 jiri sodium mee ihe, otu ihe dị ọnụ ala karị, na chloride chloride abụọ na-eguzogide ọgwụ na sodium.

Onye sayensi Russia bụ NN Beketov nwere ike ịmanye aluminum site na magnesium. Na ngwụsị afọ iri asatọ nke otu narị afọ ahụ, ndị Germany na-emeghachi omume mmeghachi omume a na nke mbụ osisi aluminom. Na ọkara nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke 18, a na-enweta tọn 20 nke metal dị ọcha site na ọgwụ. Ọ bụ nnukwu ọnụ ala.

Mmepụta nke aluminom site n'enyemaka nke electrolysis malitere na 1886, bụ mgbe ndị na-emepụta usoro a site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta America na Hall na French Eru gbara akwụkwọ. Ha na-ekwu ka alumina na-ekpochapu ihe na-eme ka a na-emepụta ihe na-acha ọkụ, ma na-enweta aluminum site na electrolysis.

Na nke a, ụlọ ọrụ aluminom malitere, bụ nke ghọrọ ihe karịrị otu narị afọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme otu n'ime alaka ndị kachasị nke metallurgy.

Isi nke mmepụta nkà na ụzụ

N'ozuzu ya, teknụzụ mmepụta ngwá ọrụ alumini agbanwebeghị kemgbe ọ malitere.

Usoro ahụ nwere mpaghara atọ. On mbụ aluminum ore ma ọ bụ bauxite ma ọ nephelines nwetara alumina - aluminum oxide Al ₂ O _3.

Mgbe ahụ, a na-emepụta aluminom ụlọ ọrụ site na oxide na ogo nke ịdị ọcha nke 99.5%, nke maka ụfọdụ ebumnuche ezubeghị.

Ya mere, na njedebe ikpeazụ, a na-enwupụta aluminum. Emeputa nke aluminom agwusiri site na idocha ya ka o di 99.99%.

Inweta alumina

Enwere ụzọ atọ iji mepụta aluminum oxide si ores:

- acidic;

- Electrolytic;

- alkaline.

Usoro ikpeazu - nke kachasị, mepụtara n'otu narị afọ nke XVIII, mana ebe ọ bụ na ọ dị mma ugboro ugboro ka ọ dị mma ma jiri ya dị mma, eji ya maka nhazi ọkwa bauxite dị elu. Ya mere nweta ihe dị ka 85% nke alumina.

Ihe kachasị mkpa nke usoro alkaline na-adabere n'eziokwu na aluminom ngwọta decompose na nnukwu ọsọ mgbe aluminom hydroxide ẹkenam n'ime ha. Ihe ngwọta fọdụrụ mgbe mmeghachi omume gasịrị ka a kpochapụrụ ya na elu okpomọkụ nke ihe dị ka 170 Celsius C. ma jirizie kpochapụ alumina;

A na-agbaji bauxite nke mbụ na ala na igwe ọka na caustic alkali na wayo, mgbe ahụ na autoclaves na okpomọkụ ruo 250 Celsius C, nkwonkwo ya na-amalite ma sodium aluminate, nke a na-atụgharị ya na ngwọta alkaline ọbụna na mmiri dị ala - na 100 Celsius. Mkpụrụ osisi pụrụ iche, iche na sludge. Mgbe ahụ, mmebi ya amalite. Site na nzacha, a na-agbanye ihe ngwọta n'ime tank na-emegharị ka ọ nọgide na-agwakọta usoro ahụ nke a na-agbakwunye ihe ọkụkụ hydroxide nke siri ike maka mkpụrụ.

Hydrocyclones na ihe ntancha ihe nchịkọta na-emepụta alloy hydroxide, ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-alọghachite dịka mkpụrụ osisi, a na-ejikwa ụfọdụ maka nchịkọta. Ndị na-enyocha ụrọ nke fọdụrụ mgbe mmiri nke hydroxide na-alaghachi na-ekesa ka ọ ghara ịchọta ọkwa ndị ọzọ.

Usoro nke calcination (mmiri mmiri) nke hydroxide na rotary kilns na-eme na okpomọkụ ruo 1300 Celsius C.

Ịmepụta tọn abụọ nke aluminum oxide na-ere ọkụ eletrik 8.4 kWh.

Ngwongwo nke siri ike, nke ihe ngbaze ya bu 2050 ° C, abughi alam. Ịmepụta nke aluminom n'ihu.

Electrolysis nke aluminum oxide

Akụrụngwa kachasị maka electrolysis bụ bat pụrụ iche, ejiri ya na klọb carbon. A na-enye ya eletrik eletrik. Na bath, a na-akpọ carbon dioxide na-ekpo ọkụ mgbe a na-ekewapụ ha na oxygen oxygen dị ọcha. A na-etinye bat, ma ọ bụ ndị na-emepụta electrolyzers, dịka a na-akpọ ha ọkachamara, na circuit eletrik na usoro, na-eme usoro. Ike dị ugbu a bụ puku ampe 150,000.

Anodes nwere ike ịbụ nke abụọ: esi na nnukwu coal blocks, nke uka nwere ike ịbụ karịa ton na onwe-mmiri, gụnyere coal briquettes na aluminom shei, nke na-mebiri n'oge electrolysis n'okpuru ike nke okpomọkụ.

Voltage na-arụ ọrụ n'ime bat bụ ihe dịka 5 volts. Ọ na-echebara ma voltage achọrọ maka nkwarụ nke oxide, na ọnweghị ihe ize ndụ na netwọk ahụ.

Site etisasịwo ke cryolite dabeere wụrụ awụ alumina wụrụ awụ metal, nke dị arọ karịa electrolyte nnu edebe na coal ndabere bath. A na-emepụta ya oge ụfọdụ.

Usoro mmepụta ihe nke aluminom chọrọ otutu eletrik. Iji nweta otu ton nke aluminom si alumina, ị ga-eji ihe dị ka puku 13.5 kWh nke DC eletrik. Ya mere, otu ọnọdụ ọzọ maka ịmepụta nnukwu mmepụta ihe bụ ebe dị ike dị nso.

Ngwunye nke aluminom

Usoro a kacha mara amara bụ electrolysis atọ. Ọ na-ewe ebe batrị electrolysis na pọọsụ carbon, jikọtara ya na magnesite. Anode n'ime usoro a bụ metal a wụrụ awụ, nke a na-edozi ka ọ dị ọcha. A na-ahụ ya na ala dị ala n'elu isi ihe. A na-aghọta alumini dị ọcha, nke na-esi na electrolyte na-emepụta ihe na kọlụm anode, ma na-eje ozi dika cathode. A na-enye ya ugbu a site na graphite electrode.

Nchọpụta electrolyte dị na oyi akwa dị n'ime ya bụ mmiri fluorides ma ọ bụ dị ọcha ma ọ bụ na mgbakwunye nke sodium na barium chloride. Ọ na-ewe iwe ruo 800 Celsius C.

Oriri ike n'oge atọ oyi akwa ejegharịrị bụ 20 kWh kwa n'arọ nke metal, i.e. otu ton mkpa 20 puku KW * h. Ọ bụ ya mere, dịka ọ bụghị mmepụta ígwè, aluminom chọrọ ọbịbịa ọ bụghị naanị nke ọkụ eletrik, mana nke nnukwu ụlọ ọkụ dị na nso nso.

Aluminom a nụchara anụcha nwere ígwè, silicon, ọla kọpa, zinc, titanium na magnesium n'obere obere.

Mgbe a kpochachara ya, a na-etinye alumini n'ime ngwaahịa. Nke a bụ ingots, na waya, na mpempe akwụkwọ, na chushki.

A na-eji ngwaahịa ndị a na-enweta site na nchacha, na akụkụ, n'ụdị oké mmiri ozuzo, maka deoxidation, ma na-apụ apụ dịka ngwọta alkaline.

A na-enweta ezigbo aluminom dị ọcha site na ntụgharị mpaghara mpaghara nke ígwè ahụ n'ime gas ma ọ bụ agụụ. Ngosipụta ya dị ịrịba ama bụ omume eletriki elu dị na okpomọkụ.

Imeghari nke ihe ndi ozo

A na-ezute otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke nchịkọta zuru ezu maka aluminom site na nhazi nke ngwaọrụ. Ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe ndị a na-emegharị.

A na-agbazi ihe ndị dị n'usoro a na-esote n'ọkụ. N'ime ya, enwere ọla ndị nwere ebe dị elu karịa alumini, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nickel na ígwè. A na-ewepụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-adịghị na ya na aluminum site na ịcha na chlorine ma ọ bụ nitrogen.

A na-ewepụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-adịghị mma ọla na-edozi site na ntinye nke magnesium, zinc ma ọ bụ mercury na ịpụpụ. E wepụrụ Magnesium site na agbazee site chlorine.

A na-emepụta ihe ọ bụla a na-achọpụta site na ịmepụta ihe mgbakwunye nke ihe ọkụkụ ahụ a wụrụ awụ kpebiri.

Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe aluminom

N'ihe banyere oriri aluminom, China bi ebe mbụ, na-ahapụ USA na ebe nke abụọ na onye njide nke atọ na Germany.

China bụkwa mba nke na-emepụta aluminom, nke nwere nnukwu oke na-eduga na mpaghara a.

Isi iri, ma e wezụga PRC, gụnyere Russia, Canada, United Arab Emirates, India, United States, Australia, Norway, Brazil na Bahrain.

The Russian monopolist na mmepụta nke alumina na aluminum bụ jikọrọ ụlọ ọrụ RUSAL. Ọ na-emepụta ihe ruru nde tọn anọ nke aluminom kwa afọ ma na-ebupụ ngwaahịa na mba iri asaa, ma dị ugbu a na mpaghara ise na mba iri na asaa.

Ụlọ ọrụ America Alcoa dị na Russia nwere osisi abụọ na-edozi ahụ.

Onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri kasịnụ kasị ukwuu na China bụ Chalco. N'adịghị ka ndị asọmpi mba ọzọ, ihe onwunwe ya nile na-etinye uche na mba ya.

Alaka Aluminom nke mmiri nke ụlọ ọrụ Norwegian Norsk Hydro nwe nwere osisi aluminom na Norway, Germany, Slovakia, Canada, na Australia.

Australian BHP Billiton nwere mmepụta aluminom na Australia, South Africa na South America.

Na Bahrain bụ Alba (Aluminom Bahrain BSC) - fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu mmepụta. Aluminom nke onye ozo a nwere ihe kariri uzo abuo nke ugwo olu nke "nku nku" nke emeputara n'ime uwa.

Ya mere, n'ịchịkọta ọnụ, anyị nwere ike ịsị na isi ndị na-emepụta ihe na alumini bụ ụlọ ọrụ ụwa nke nwere bauxite. Na usoro ikuku ume nke ndi mmadu bu ndi mmadu inweta alumina sitere na aluminum ores, na-emeputa salts fluoride, nke gụnyere cryolite, ihe anodic uka na anodic carbon, cathode, ihe eji eme ihe, na mmeputa nke electrolytic n'ezie, nke bu isi ihe nke aluminum metallurgy.