Atụmatụ nke London Underground: akụkọ ihe mere eme na ugbu a ọnọdụ

Scheme London Underground mejupụtara ụgbọ 270, 11 edoghi, ngụkọta ogologo nke bụ hà 402 kilomita. Kwa ụbọchị, a na ụdị nke iga eji ihe karịrị nde mmadụ atọ bi na ndị ọbịa nke British isi obodo. Logo London Underground bụ otu n'ime ndị isi na-agụ akụkọ na-ewu ewu omenala n'ụwa nile na-emepụta na-ere ihe uwe na ngwa na ụlọ ọrụ logo na atụmatụ ụzọ ụgbọ oloko.

History of e kere eke na ugbu a ala nke

mmalite ụbọchị nke na ụzọ ụgbọ oloko na London da January 10, 1863. The akpa akara aha ya bụ "Metropolitan reyluey" ọ agbụ abụọ kasị ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè. Na 1890, mbụ London Underground ụgbọ oloko na-amalite ime ihe nke electrically. Ruo mgbe 1933, ndị na-ewu na mmepe nke edoghi nyere onwe ụlọ ọrụ. Creation nke Department of Njem Transport meela ha n'ime otu obodo usoro.

N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ọ ghọwo ihe dị oké ala ebe mgbaba site bombu nke udo bi n'obodo. November 18, 1987 bi London e chetara mberede akasiaha ọkụ. N'ụbọchị ahụ, ndị ọcha na-ekwu na ndụ nke iri atọ ndị mmadụ. Na July 2005, ọtụtụ ụgbọ aghọwo a lekwasịrị nke eyi ọha egwu. N'ihi ya, anọ achikota fụrụ na atọ ụgbọ oloko gburu 56 ndị mmadụ na anọ igbu onwe atụ bọmbụ.

Iji ụbọchị, atụmatụ ahụ nke London Underground bụ na anọ ebe n'etiti ndị fọdụrụ n'ezinụlọ na ụwa, n'azụ Seoul, Beijing na Shanghai. Bi nke isi obodo a na-akpọ nke a ụdị nke iga The tube (Engl. "Ọkpọkọ") n'ihi na udi nke tunnels.

Lines na London Underground ojii

Ka kpọtụrụ aha na mbụ, na n'okpuru ala British isi obodo mejupụtara 11 edoghi, anọ nke na-emighị emi, ndị ọzọ na - miri emi. Tụlee ọ bụla iche iche:

• "District" (denoted na esereese a green agba na e dere 60 ụgbọ);
• "Zutere" (odo odo ojii 34);
• "Circumferential" (odo, 36 ụgbọ);
• "North" (nwa, 50 ụgbọ);
• "Waterloo & City" (cyan, ebe 2);
• "Central" (red, 49 ụgbọ);
• "Beykerloo" (Brown, 25 ụgbọ);
• "Piccadilly" (ọchịchịrị-acha anụnụ anụnụ, 53 ụgbọ);
• "Victoria" (acha anụnụ anụnụ, 16 ụgbọ);
• "Ncheta" (silver, 27 ụgbọ);
• "Hammersmith & City" (Pink, 29 ụgbọ).

Na 2007, Eastern akara e mechiri maka nwughari. Afọ anọ mgbe ya oghere, ọ ghọrọ akụkụ nke elu iga. Scheme London Underground nwekwara òkè dị otú ahụ dị ka "London Overground" na "Docklands Light Railway".

na-akpali eziokwu

• Ndị fọdụrụ n'ezinụlọ ụzọ bụ kpọmkwem njem si ebe "West Raislip" na "Epping" - 54,9 kilomita na dịruru otu awa na 28 nkeji.
• Na ókèala "Stratford" bụ nke kasị nso escalator (4 mita), na ndị fọdụrụ n'ezinụlọ na-ekesịpde ebe "Angel" (60 mita).
• The nnọọ n'ala ala ebe a na-akpọ "Hampstead", ọ na-na a omimi nke 59 mita si n'okporo ámá larịị.
• Ọ dịkarịa ala, a omimi (5.2 mita) emi odude ebe "Redbridge".
• "Waterloo" bụ kpa ojii nke London Underground. N'oge afọ, njem okporo ụzọ ebe a bụ 82 nde mmadụ.
• "District" akara nwere kasị ukwuu ọtụtụ ụgbọ (60), na kasị nta - "Waterloo & City" (2).

imewe

Ná mmalite na London Underground atụmatụ e jikọtara na a map nke obodo na, dị ka mmụba nke ụdị iga, gbagwojuru anya visual nghọta nke njem. Mgbe e mesịrị, na 1933 site na Garri Bek mere ọmụma broshuọ, nke na-etinye akara ke schematic ndabere, kama obodo, na mmadu nile ka ẹkedọhọde agba.

Unique grotesque font, nke e dere okwu Underground on a-acha anụnụ anụnụ ndabere, e mere site na Edward Johnston na 1916. Logo na e dere n'elu ke akpa afọ nke ya adị a mara site na aha ndị dị ka "lekwasịrị" na "oké ehi ahụ anya". Ọ bụ a-acha uhie uhie gburugburu, nke na-aga site na etiti nke-acha anụnụ anụnụ straipu. The mmebe nke ihe ịrịba ama ka amaghi. Mgbe niile ụdịdị nke iga-abịa n'okpuru akara Transport maka London, a emblem malitere-etinyere a taxi ọdụ, ụgbọ ala, tram, DLR na ndị ọzọ.

Taa njem na London Underground, ị nwere ike mfe iji tụnyere aga Museum of Modern Art. Advertising ohere a na-ifịk ifịk jupụta na abụ uri na nkà ihe osise, si otú eke a ọṅụ na ọnọdụ n'etiti njem. Nke a na-egwu obi ụtọ njem nleta na ndị ọbịa obodo, n'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ na-eri nke onye okenye ụgbọ, dabere na zoning nke nkezi nke 3 pound. Ụmụaka tiketi na-eri ọkara price.