Catherine mgbanwe 2 (nkenke). Gụrụ akwụkwọ absoljutizm Catherine 2

Olee ihe anyị maara banyere Russian Eze Nwanyị Ukwu Catherine Ukwu ahụ? Na ebe nchekwa nke ụmụ na-iputa eziokwu, obere metụtara ọha iwu. Catherine bụ nnọọ nnukwu onye ofufe nke ikpe bọọlụ, ọmarịcha uwe. Behind ọ na-mgbe sochiri a eriri nke admirers. The ndụ nke ya ọkacha mmasị, mgbe ejikọrọ na ya ịhụnanya agbatị, we rida na akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ka ọ dịgodị, Russian Eze Nwanyị Ukwu bụ, n'elu ihe nile, ọgụgụ isi, na-egbuke egbuke, pụrụ iche àgwà na a nkà nhazi. Ọ bụ uru na-arịba ama na na ya kwuo osisi usoro e reorganized maka oge mbụ ebe ọchịchị Petra Velikogo. Oké mmasị taa oku Catherine mgbanwe 2. kọwaa ha dị mkpirikpi, na Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ eleghi anya ọma. Ke ofụri ofụri, ya nile ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mgbanwe dabara n'ime mainstream Ozizi, a na-akpọ oke mmụta absolutism. Nke a na-emekarị na XVIII narị afọ, aghọwo nnọọ ewu ewu. Ọtụtụ ebe nke ọha na eze na-elekọta mmadụ ndụ metụrụ Catherine mgbanwe 2. Isiokwu "mgbanwe na obodo", n'okpuru, o doro anya na-egosi nke a.

Nwata na muta nke Princess Fike

Sophia Augusta Fredericka nke Anhalt-Zerbst - mere fùa aha nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu Russian Eze Nwanyị Ukwu. Enye akamanade ke ini utọ nke 1729 na a obere German obodo anākpọ Stettin (ugbu a n'ókèala Poland). Nna ya nọ na-eje ozi Prussian King. Ọ bụ a efu mmadụ. N'otu oge, ọ bụ nke mbụ na regimental ọchịagha, mgbe ahụ, ọchịagha na mgbe e mesịrị gọvanọ ala nna ya obodo. Nne nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu Eze Nwanyị Ukwu bụ eze ọbara. Ọ bụ oké-nwanne mama nke Peter III - ga-eme n'ọdịnihu di nke nwa ya nwaanyị. Sofia, ma ọ bụ dị ka ọ na-akpọ ndị ikwu, Fike, e gụrụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ. Ọ na-amụ French, Italian, English, ọdịdị mbara ala, akụkọ ihe mere eme, nkà mmụta okpukpe, we wukwasi na-egwuri music. The girl nwere ihu ọchị, bụ erughị ala, bụ enyi na ụmụ anyị. The nne na nna ndị obi na-ajọ ya omume. Fike ezinụlọ dara ogbenye. Ma nne ya rọrọ na uru na-enye nwa-ya nwayi na nwunye. N'oge na-adịghị, ya nrọ asị na ha na-enwe ná ndụ.

Alụmdi na Nwunye na onye nketa ka ocheeze Russia

Na 1744, Zerbst Princess Fike a kpọrọ ha na nne ya na Russia na n'obí maka agbamakwụkwọ na ọdịnihu Russian Emperor Peter III, bụ onye ya nke abụọ na nwa nwanne nna. Iri na Isii afọ nwunye anya, e adade Elizabeth, nke na-achọ igosi nri nke inwe na Romanovs, na-enwe olileanya ịlụ ya ne'er-do-nwa nwanne. Russian Eze Nwanyị Ukwu chere na mara mma na-adọrọ adọrọ Sofia pụrụ ịdọpụ uche Peter si umu ya ntụrụndụ na puppies na ụmụaka. Ozugbo Fike pụtara na Russia, ọ malitere na ọchịchọ ịmụta Russian asụsụ ya, ikpe iwu oru na Orthodox iwu Chineke. The agbamakwụkwọ ahụ ndokwa maka August 25, 1745. Na eve nke Sofia nakweere Chọọchị Ọtọdọks na natara aha Catherine I. Na ụbọchị agbamakwụkwọ na 6 elekere ke usenubọk adaeze e weere na ụlọ nke Elizabeth, ebe ọ yi uwe na combed. Agbamakwụkwọ na oriri ada itie ke Kazan chọọchị. Ọ bụ ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama na ihe karịrị afọ 17 mgbe na ebe a na-Life Nche ga-iyi ịkwado ọhụrụ ha Eze Nwanyị Ukwu Catherine Alekseevna. Mgbe agbamakwụkwọ e nyere a magburu obi ụtọ na-eri oriri na ndị eze, ebe Fick manyere na-agba egwu na-adịghị agwụ agwụ inwe nke agadi ma ama. Ozugbo mgbe agbamakwụkwọ, ọ bịara doo anya na ndị ọhụrụ na di na-agaghị emezu alụmdi na nwunye ha na-arụ. All oge Peter nọrọ na egwu na tin agha na katọn castles. Alụmdi na nwunye ha ime, ọ ghọọ a ulo nkita maka ịchụ nta nkịta. O doro anya na nke a ignoramus bụghị ike na-agba ọsọ na steeti. Ka ọ dịgodị, Russia mkpa esịtidem mgbanwe. Catherine 2, dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ, adịghị. Ee, na-emechi n'obí-atụ anya na ọrụ nke nwunye nke eze ukwu na nne nke ya na ụmụ ya maka Fike bụ ihe niile. Ole na ha hiere ụzọ.

The accession ocheeze nke Catherine

The ugbu a Eze Nwanyị Ukwu Elizabeth Petrovna e aṅacha na onye ọ bụla na-agafe n'ụbọchị, ahụ ike ya nnọọ ike. A mmekọrịta kpuwere na di na nwunye na-enweghị ike. Peter biri n'ihu ọha na ya ekaufọk na-ekwu banyere ịchọ ịlụ ya. Catherine na onwe ya n'oge na-adịghị kwa je afọ 26 nke igwefoto-kadet Sergei Saltykov. A ọnwa ole na ole mgbe na Fike amụwo a nwa nwoke, onye ha na-akpọ Paul. N'obí anyị jere ije na asịrị ahụ na nna ya bụ onye hụrụ Catherine. N'agbanyeghị ihe a nile, Eze Nwanyị Ukwu Elizabeth kwusara nwa okoro nke abụọ n'aka onye nketa ka ocheeze. Ka ọ dịgodị, Russia, na mmekorita ya na Austria na France na-alụ agha na Prussia, ebe-enweta nkwanye onye mmeri mgbe ọzọ. Nke a mma na onye ọ bụla ma e wezụga ụmụaka Peter, bụ onye chere na King Frederick II of Prussia unrivaled agha amamihe. O doro anya na n'ihe banyere ya accession ocheeze nke Russia ikwubi a na-emenye ihere n'udo Prussia, adịkwa niile na ọ ka enwetara ke N'ezie nke agha. ka anya ya mere. Elizabeth nwụrụ na Christmas Day na 1761. Mgbe ahụ, Pita bụ Russian eze ukwu. Na March 1762 o kwubiri na Prussia na ụwa, nke mere ka a otutu discontent na Russian agha. Ọ kpebiri iji megide na-eso ụzọ Peter III Catherine Orlov ụmụnna, onye, Gregory, bụ ya hụrụ na nna nke ikpeazụ ya nwa. The Kazan Church Catherine ẹkenịmde rite nke mmanụ, na-ewere na iyi dị ka Eze Nwanyị Ukwu of All Russia. The mbụ ṅụụrụ ịkwado ya agha. Ọ mere na June 28, 1762. Mgbe ọ dịghị onye ga-ekwere ihe ga-Politika Ekateriny 2.

General ọmụma banyere ọchịchị nke Eze Nwanyị Ukwu

A izu mgbe ihe kọwara, July 6, Catherine nwetara akwụkwọ ozi si Orlova na di ya Pita, bụ onye dere abdication na chụgara ndị manor Ropsha nwụrụ. Dị ka ndị ji anya, ọhụrụ mere Eze Nwanyị Ukwu bugara, na-eti na iti mkpu na ya na ụmụ ga-agbaghara mmehie. Otú ọ dị, isi mmalite ndị ọzọ na-egosi na ọ maara nke zubere mgbalị di ya, dị ka ndị 2 ụbọchị tupu ya igbu ọchụ ya e zigara dọkịta Paulsen bụghị na ọgwụ ọjọọ, ma na ngwá autopsies. Ọ bụla ọ bụ, nri ocheeze nke Catherine dịghị onye rụrụ ụka. Na taa anyị nwere ike N'igbu ya ná nkenke ya 34-Afọ Kraịst. Iji mara ya osisi n'ime obodo akụkọ ihe mere eme na-eji a okwu ndị dị ka "oke mmụta absolutism". Ekpe nke ozizi kwere na ala ga-a siri ike autocratic ike, nke ga-arụ ọrụ na-erite uru nke ụmụ amaala ya nile. Oke mmụta absolutism nke Catherine 2 na-kwupụtara isi na-ewusi ike na ndioru govanmenti, na mba ịdị n'otu na centralization nke management usoro. The Eze Nwanyị Ukwu chere na ihe ka nnọọ n'ókèala Russia na ya ihu igwe siri ike na odi ọmụmụ na ọganihu ebe a autocracy. Schematically, i nwere ike na-egosi Catherine mgbanwe 2.

Isiokwu "mgbanwe na mba"

Dị ka ị pụrụ ịhụ site table, na ndị a mgbanwe a n'ụzọ zuru ezu na-egosipụta na oke mmụta absolutism nke Catherine 2. Ọ chọrọ itinye uche niile steeti ike na ya aka na-anọ ná mba niile na klas na pụrụ iche, ya ẹkenam iwu.

"Ntuziaka" akwụkwọ - echiche nke oke mmụta absolutism Catherine 2

The Eze Nwanyị Ukwu, ịja mma banyere odide nke Montesquieu na ịmụta ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke ozizi ya, ọ nwara akpọkọta ndị na-akpọ Legislative Commission, onye isi ebumnobi - ịchọta mkpa nke ndị na-ebu ndị dị mkpa mgbanwe n'ime obodo. Dị ka a akụkụ nke ahụ ahụ gara site 600 nnọchiteanya nke ndị dị iche iche na klas. Dị ka a na-edu akwụkwọ nke Commission Catherine e nyere "Ntuziaka", nke bụ, n'eziokwu, na usoro iwu ndabere nke oke mmụta absolutism. Ọ maara na ọ fọrọ nke nta kpamkpam rewritten n'ọrụ nke Montesquieu - ịnụ ọkụ n'obi ekpe ozizi. Catherine onwe ya kwetara na ọ bụ nke ebe a "n'ebe ụfọdụ otu akara, otu onye okwu." The ọrụ kere naanị afọ isii, na mgbe ahụ etisasịwo. Ndi a, ahụ na-akpọ n'elu na-ebu ndutịm mgbanwe nke Catherine 2? Eleghị anya, ee. Ma akụkọ ihe mere eme taa na-ekweta n'eziokwu na oru nile nke Commission e iji na-eke a mma oyiyi nke Eze Nwanyị Ukwu na Russia na mba ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụ nke a ahụ kpebiri award ya aha "Ukwu ahụ."

Nlekọta mgbanwe nke Catherine 2

Ndị a innovations e nkwado iwu November 7, 1775. Gbanwere usoro ndutịm nkewa nke n'ókèala Russia. Na mbụ, ọ bụ atọ-unit: ógbè, ndị ógbè ahụ, ógbè. Ma ugbu a, obodo ubi ẹkebahade naanị achị na ógbè. Mere ọtụtụ governorships bụ Governor-General. Ọ rubere ndị gọvanọ, na onye na-akpọsa-fiscals na refatgei. Ego na-achị na-elekọta nke Exchequer na nkwado nke Chamber of Nnabata. Na isi nke ọ bụla asị guzo ndi-isi usu. Na a iche iche ndutịm unit e kewapụrụ obodo, isi nke nke e tinyere n'ebe nduzi obodo onyeisi obodo.

Catherine Sineti mgbanwe 2

Nke a neoplasm e mere Eze Nwanyị Ukwu nke December 15, 1763. Dị ka ya, Sineti ghọrọ ụlọikpe kasị elu. Ke adianade do, ọ na-e kewara 6 ngalaba:

• The mbụ - na-elekọta ndị niile ọchịchị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na St. Petersburg;

• abụọ - ikpe na St. Petersburg;

• The atọ - na nkà mmụta ọgwụ, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, nkà, agụmakwụkwọ, iga;

• Anọ - naval na ala omume;

• ise - ọha na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Moscow;

• Six - ikpe omume Moscow.

Catherine Administration Reform 2 ebe e mere iji mee ka Sineti na-erube isi ngwá ọrụ nke autocratic ike.

aku na uba na mgbanwe

Ọchịchị nke Eze Nwanyị Ukwu e ji mara ọtụtụ mmepe nke akụ na ụba mba. The aku na uba na mgbanwe nke Catherine 2 emetụta ichekwa ego na bank na ego nọ nke mba ọzọ ahia. N'oge ya eze, ọhụrụ n'aka ụlọ ọrụ (ego ego na State Bank) malitere ịnabata ego si n'ihu ọha na ego maka nchekwa. Na-akpa nyere banknotes - akwụkwọ ego. The ala n'okpuru Catherine e exported esenidụt ngwaahịa na nnukwu quantities, dị ka nkedo ígwè, ụgbọ mmiri ákwà, osisi, hemp, achịcha. O siri ike ikwu ma amịghịkwa mma data Catherine mgbanwe 2. nkenke agwa banyere ọ bụ eleghi anya ọma. Nnukwu mbupụ ọka n'okpuru ya management emewo ka ụnwụ na 1780 afọ na ọtụtụ n'ógbè Russia. The ikpe nke uka mbibi nke nkịtị. Mụbara price achịcha. The ala-àkù tọgbọ chakoo. Ma Russia si mba ọzọ ụgwọ karịa 33 nde rubles.

Ọhụrụ na usoro agụmakwụkwọ

Ma, ọ bụghị niile mgbanwe nke Eze Nwanyị Ukwu nwere ezighị ezi pụta. Reform agụmakwụkwọ Catherine 2 na oru na 1760. N'ebe nile malitere imeghe akwụkwọ, nke nwere ike ịga ụmụaka si dị iche iche na-elekọta mmadụ na klas. Akpan akpan anya na-akwụ ụgwọ inyom akụziri. Na 1764 e hiwere ya Smolensk Institute maka Noble Agbọghọ. Na 1783 meghere Russian Academy ebe kpọrọ ama mba ọzọ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị. Gịnị na-egosipụta mmụta mgbanwe Catherine 2? The eziokwu na na anāchi achi kpụrụ iwu nke ọha na eze ebere, nke bụ maka na management nke ọha na eze na ụlọ akwụkwọ, n'ụlọ ọgwụ, asylums maka crazy na-arịa ọrịa, n'ụlọ ọgwụ. Na Moscow na St. Petersburg na e meghere obibi maka n'okporo ámá ụmụaka, bụ ndị natara ha na otú e si zụlite ma na-akụziri.

Ala na Catherine 2

Mgbanwe a ka controversial n'etiti akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ala 2 Catherine mgbanwe gụnyere n'akwụkwọ nke ya na 1785. Akwụkwọ ozi abụọ, otu n'ime nke akpatre nwetara ihe ùgwù nke na ama, na ndị ọzọ na ngalaba nke mepere emepe bi na 6 digits. The Eze Nwanyị Ukwu akpọ ndị na-emenụ "okpueze nke ha na-eme." "Letters patent ama" na-egosi ndị na-esonụ:

• Nke a na klas puru si quartering nke agha nkeji, si kopora ntaramahụhụ, si ọdịdọ nke onwunwe maka mpụ mmejọ;

• ama enwetara ikike ngiri-afọ nke ụwa, na nri ala nwe, ikike nwere a Class Oru;

• ndị a machibidoro iwu jide ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụrụ na ha na-akpata si ala bụ ihe na-erughị $ 100, ha na-efunahụ nke nri votu, ma ọ bụrụ na ị na-adịghị ọfịsa ahụ ọkwá.

Gịnị bụ ndị mepere emepe na mgbanwe Catherine 2? The Eze Nwanyị Ukwu nyere iwu ka ha kee ndị bi n'ime 6 ige:

• mepere emepe bi (homeowners);

• ahịa 3 Guild;

• ndị ọrụ nkà;

• nonresident na mba ọzọ na ndị ahịa;

• eminent ụmụ amaala (ọgaranya ahịa, bankers, architects, ágbá, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, arọ);

• townsmen (na-enweghị ụlọ).

Na ekele ndị a innovations anyị pụrụ ikwu na Politika Ekateriny 2 ebe a so mee ka ike stratification nke ọha mmadụ n'ime ọgaranya na ndị ogbenye. N'ihi ya na aku na uba ọnọdụ Part nke a ma ama njọ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha enweghị ike ịbanye ọha ọrụ, ghara inwe ike iji nweta ihe dị mkpa n'ihi na nke a na uwe na akpụkpọ ụkwụ. N'otu oge ahụ nọmba nke isi ma ama ekesịpde nnukwu ebe ala na narị puku ndị na serfs.

The okpukpe iwu

Ụfọdụ ebe ka emetụta ọchịchị mgbanwe Catherine 2? Nke a siri ike-Willed nwaanyị na-agbalị-ejikwa ihe niile dị na steeti, gụnyere okpukpe. Na 1764, ọ nyere iwu na-efunahụ chọọchị ala. Ọnụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo data ebe e zigara na management nke ego ụfọdụ Association. N'ihi ya, ndị ụkọchukwu dabere na eze ike. Ke ofụri ofụri, Eze Nwanyị Ukwu gbalịrị inweta a iwu nke okpukpe ndidi. Ná mmalite afọ nke ya eze kwụsịrị mkpagbu nke Old kwere ekwe, natara ala support, okpukpe Buddha, Protestantism, Judaism.

Catherine 2 dị ka onye na-ekpe nke Enlightenment Ozizi

34-Afọ Kraịst nke Eze Nwanyị Ukwu jupụtara na ọtụtụ ndị na-emegiderịta ihe. Oke mmụta absolutism nke Catherine 2, nke ọ gbalịrị ime nkwusa n'etiti ndị a ma ama, na-egosipụta onwe ya na nke ọ kere "Ntuziaka", na ndị akpọkọta nke Legislative Commission, na ala na ụlọ mgbanwe, na ndutịm nkewa nke n'ókèala Russia, na mgbanwe na-akụziri oru. Otú ọ dị, ndị a niile mgbanwe dị nnọọ ala. Class usoro, autocratic management ụkpụrụ, serfdom nọgidere ada ada. Special ntị e nyere na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Catherine French Enlightenment (Voltaire, Diderot). O duru ifịk ozi na ha, n'ikwurịta echiche. Ha banyere ya dị ukwuu. Otú ọ dị, n'oge a na akụkọ ihe mere eme kweere na a mmekọahụ ndị kpere nkwado agwa. The Eze Nwanyị Ukwu mgbe n'ụba nke ha "enyi".

The results nke ọchịchị nke oké Eze Nwanyị Ukwu

The oge eruwo ka ya mara na Catherine mgbanwe 2 na nkenke ichikota ya eze. Ọ ọtụtụ mgbanwe na-rụrụ, mgbe ụfọdụ nnọọ emegiderịta. Eze Nwanyị Ukwu oge e ji kacha n'ịbụ ohu nke nkịtị, anapụ ha nke ha kacha nta ikike. Mgbe ọ na-nyere iwu machibido ndị ọrụ ugbo na faịlụ a mkpesa megide ya nwe ulo. Igba nrụrụ aka, na na karịsịa nnukwu ichekwa. Atụ gbara akwụkwọ Eze Nwanyị Ukwu onwe ya, mmesapụ aka endowing ikwu ma na-emechi yad na-ekenye gị ọkacha mmasị isi ọchịchị posts. Ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya, mgbe a afọ ole na ole nke ya na-achị, na mba-àkù tọgbọ chakoo. Olee ihe mechara biri 2 Catherine mgbanwe? Na nkenke, onye pụrụ ikwu nke a: a oké akụ na ụba nsogbu na ngụkọta ida nke ego usoro nke ala. Ọ bụla ọ bụ, ọ na-ifịk ke ọha ndụ na hụrụ n'anya ghọrọ ya nwa afọ Russia.

Anyị mụtara, na ihe na-egosi nweta nghọta absolutism Catherine 2 n'oge ya na-achị, ụfọdụ ndokwa nke nke ọ bụ ike ime ka ndụ.