Dzheykob Shiff - biography, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọma, rụzuru na-akpali eziokwu

. J. Schiff (full aha: Jacob Genri Shiff) bụ American Jewish onye oru banki, philanthropist na-elekọta mmadụ mmume. N'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ndụ na US, nke abụọ n'ala nna Schiff kpuchie ya nnukwu philanthropic eme. Ya mmekọrita na Tsarist Russian akụkọ ihe mere eme na-enye definition nke "onye agha". Ọnọdụ nke ndị Juu na Russian Dzheykob Shiff tụnyere ọdachi nke ha na Akwụkwọ Nsọ nna nna Egypt ke ini akwa Ọpụpụ.

biography

Jacob Henry Schiff a mụrụ na 1847 na ama ezinụlọ metụtara na aha Rothschild. Nna nke onye oru banki bụ a rabaị. Nwa nwoke ahụ a ọma ego na nkụzi okpukpe. Na 1865 ọ kwaga na United States, ebe ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ a akụ. Na 1875, Dzheykob Shiff nwunye na nwa nwaanyị nke onye nke oru nke ụlọ akụ Kuhn, Loeb & Co, akụkụ nke ikpe-iwu, na na 1885 ghọrọ manager nke ụlọ akụ. N'okpuru nduzi nke ewumewu Schiff ọganihu na-abawanye, ọ na-aghọ omume isonye na ego nke ọtụtụ nnukwu oru dị iche iche ndi nke aku na uba. Shiff Dzheykob Henry ahụ ná ndụ ya na-arụsi philanthropic eme.

Ọ bụ di na nwunye ka Tereze Leb (ada onye nwe ụlọ akụ, nke a na-eto eto mmadụ wuru a ọrụ). Di na a mụọ ụmụ: nwa Frieda na nwa Mortimer. Dzheykob Shiff nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 73 na 1920. E liri ya na New York.

Dzheykob Shiff - ọha ọgụgụ

Mara onye oru banki bụ otu n'ime ndị ndú nke ndị Juu bi na na United States. Ha kwụrụ ụgwọ a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke oru ngo: ihe e kere eke nke ndị Juu na ngalaba nke Public Library na New York, "Hibri College Union", ndị Juu Theological Seminary, na ndị ọzọ.

Jacob Genri Shiff ya Philanthropy eduzi nwekwara a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị na-abụghị ndị Juu oru na oru. N'ihi ya, o nyere ịrịba echekwara American agụmakwụkwọ njikọ, na Boy Scout of America, nzukọ nke Red Cross na na. D.

Schiff emeela dị iche iche ùgwù ọnọdụ, akpan akpan, ọ bụ osote onyeisi oche nke Chamber of Commerce na United States, bụ a New York City Council on Education.

Dzheykob Shiff: òkè na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị

Na 1904, Schiff e ọdịda na-ege ntị na King of Great Britain Edward VII. Japan nke nọ nkwado maka Russian-Japanese agha, onye oru banki natara award si Japanese ọchịchị: na Order nke Sacred Treasure, na ọwụwa anyanwụ. N'oge president ntuli aka na United States (1909 nke) Schiff William Taft akwado nwa akwukwo.

Na 1914, Dzheykob Shiff mere ka otu onye nke creators nke "Joint" (American Jewish Nkesa Committee). The ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ onye iro nke Zionism, na-akpọ nke a echiche nke utopia.

"The Balfour Declaration"

Nke a egbochighị Schiff na 1917 gbagote na nkwado nke "Balfour Declaration". Na 1917, British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour ka Jehova Rothschild kwuru na-anọchi anya British ndị Juu bi na ya na ihe na-emeghe akwụkwọ ozi ka Zionist Federation. The akwụkwọ ozi kwuru ebere na ndị Juu Zionist achụso ọchịchị. N'etiti ọkọdọhọ n'akwụkwọ na nzube akụkọ ihe mere eme na-ahụ akwụkwọ:

• Ịmepụta nsogbu na US ọchịchị na akụkụ nke American ndị Juu bi na na ebumnuche nke na-agba ume na ya abanye World War m dị ka onye so na Entente.
• Ịmepụta nsogbu na Russian Juu n'ihi nzube nke na-egbochi mgbasa nke echiche nke Bolshevism n'etiti ha ma gbochie mba ụzọ ọpụpụ si agha.
• Huu nri na-egosipụta na-achị Palestian n'ókèala si UK.

Dị ka a echiche ọha na eze nghoputa ekenịmde ke 2004 n'etiti ihe karịrị 20 puku. Representatives nke Arab mba ụbụrụ na-aghọ dị iche iche mba, "Balfour Declaration"-atụle ga-na n'oge gara aga na narị afọ iri, "ndị kasị dị egwu akwụkwọ."

Russia

Okwu "Schiff na Russia" nwere ewepụtara ha ọrụ ọtụtụ akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha Dzheykob Shiff kọwara dị ka a di ọku iro nke Russian autocracy. Nke a bụ n'ihi, isi, na ikpa oke atumatu na-achụ site tsarist ọchịchị kwupụta Juu.

Schiff e ifịk ifịk na-eji ya onwe ya na ikike na mmetụta na ichekwa ego na bank na ego ndi oru nke US ga-arụgide ndị Russian ọchịchị. Iji ịmanye Russian ọchịchị kwụsị ndị mebiri nke ụmụ mmadụ na ihe ndị ruuru ndị Juu Schiff overlaps mba ohere mba ọzọ mgbazinye ego si US, Japan kwụrụ ụgwọ ndị agha na-Russian-Japanese War, bụ akwụkwọ nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mba ọzọ amụma, atumatu na pụrụ iduga a na-arịa ọrịa na diplomatic mmekọahụ n'etiti ndị US na Russia. Biographers iwu na-akpọ omume ya kwupụta Russia "onye agha" gbanwee "n'ime ihe niile na-ewe ahuhu." Ọnọdụ nke ndị Juu bi na mba Schiff tụnyere ọdachi nke na Akwụkwọ Nsọ nna nna Egypt kemgbe oké Ọpụpụ. Onwe ya hụrụ dị ka a ọhụrụ Moses. Ọ e kwusara site na Schiff onye agha ntụte megide Russia, akụkọ ihe mere eme kweere, mee ka ya elu, ọhụrụ n'ihi na a Juu onye ndú.

Mgbe mmeri nke February mgbanwe Schiff gbanwere àgwà kwupụta Russia. Nabatara obere ọchịchị atumatu, nke e kagbuo okpukpe mgbochi na ego nkwado nke ya agha mgbazinye ego.

The Russian mgbanwe

A ọnụ ọgụgụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na isi mmalite na-egosi na o yikarịrị aka nke Schiff ego mgbanwe ke Russia ná mmalite XX narị afọ. Isiokwu a na-karịsịa ebe tụlere n'oge pravomonarhicheskimi emigre okirikiri. Otú ọ dị, na isi mmalite ndị nwere ike n'ụzọ na-egosi ma ọ bụ ịgbagha ndị a boro, dị ka ọ na-abụghị. Ọzọkwa, akụkọ ihe mere eme akwụkwọ adịgboroja kwadebere iteto Schiff ahuru, na-egosi ya na-ekere òkè akwado ndị Russian mgbanwe.

Ọ maara na 1919 otu n'ime monarchist mbipụta Rostov-on-Don a esorowo akwụkwọ e nyere, na-ekwu na Bolsheviks multi-nde dollar Grant e nwetara site n'aka onye oru banki Schiff, nke nyeere ha aka iji nweta mgbanwe.

The-alụ maka ihe ndị ruuru nke ndị Juu

Schiff anya na ọnọdụ nke Russian Juu na-ada azụ na N'ezie nke riots na 1881. Ná mmalite narị afọ nke 20. na kpụrụ nke ngwaọrụ, mepụtara US ndị Juu bi na ya na-aga n'ihu na-alụ maka ihe ndị ruuru nke ndị Juu ná mba ndị ọzọ, ndị kasị dị irè bụ guzobere echiche ọha na eze na nsogbu na United States ọchịchị. Ná mmalite narị afọ nke 20 ngwá replenished. Schiff ya ihe ọhụrụ e kwukwara - na mba nsogbu ego na diplomatic iche nke Russia.

Ná mmalite 1890s, Schiff enịmde ya ego nkwado maka mbipụta nke ọnwa "Free Russia", nke a na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nzukọ nke a na-emekwa ụfọdụ na nkesa nke ihe nzuzo "agafeghị oke uru" SRs. Site na nke a oge ọnụ ọgụgụ ghọrọ enyi John. Kennan, ihe American odeakụkọ, mara maka nkwado siri ike nke okpuru na Russia. Public ikpughe Kennan arọ ọnọdụ nke ejide na Siberia n'agha ọchịchị mkpọrọ, bụ kwalitere nkesa na United States a dị oké egwu, lee anya na ẹdude ọchịchị na Russian Alaeze Ukwu.

On burukwa nke ọzọ buu ihe ịma aka karịa rụọ ọnọdụ nke Russian Juu e debere. Nke a ọrụ bụ - Russian democratization site nkwatu nke Romanov usoro ndị eze.

Russian-Japanese agha

Na 1890, n'oge a nleta New York Port Russian naval arịa, Schiff haziri mkpọsa nke boycott nke ihe omume ndị Juu obodo. Na mgba megide Russia site ọ bụla omume echiche ọ bụghị naanị onwe ya Jacob Genri Shiff.

Cyrus Adler, ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere, na-ede n'akwụkwọ ya banyere nke a mmume: na February 1904 mbụ Schiff gbakọtara na ulo-ya nke na-anọchite anya ndị Juu òtù na gwara ha na ọ dịghị ihe karịrị ụbọchị abụọ n'etiti Japan na Russia na-amalite a agha. The onye oru banki kwukwara na ya bịakwutere na a arịrịọ maka mbinye ego maka Japanese ọchịchị. Schiff chọrọ ịnụ echiche nke ndị ugbu a, dị ka a pụrụ isi metụta ọnọdụ nke ha Russian co-okpukpe. O doro anya na, akụkọ ihe mere eme na-ekwu, a mma mkpebi e mere ná nzukọ. M nwetara mgbe Schiff mwute n'ihi nnukwu mmebi kpatara ya omume Russia? Nke a akụkọ ihe mere eme a na-amaghị.

mgbazinye ego

Ná mmalite nke agha jisiri Schiff American syndicate (ichekwa ego na bank ụlọ "Kuhn, Loeb na K Celsius», mba na azụmahịa mmiri) na-enyere site na Anglo-American mgbazinye ego maka Japanese ọchịchị (ego bụ banyere 110 nde. Dollars. Ọ na-egwuri a dị oké mkpa ọrụ ego nke a mmụọ ịlụ ọgụ Japan na huu ya mmeri. ke adianade do, Schiff ifịk ifịk na ihe ịga nke ọma na-mgbochi nke ịtụkwasị Russian mgbazinye ego na US ahịa. Ha na-enwe ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na US mmiri si agbazinye na Russian ọchịchị.

Schiff e ego oru ngo J. Kennan dissemination pụrụ iche revolutionary akwụkwọ Russian POW ụlọikwuu Japan. Oru ngo-a nke ọma nwogharia. N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1917, Kennan gwara banyere ya ndi oru nta akuko. Dị ka ya, na ha mara ụlọikwuu, na nkwado nke Schiff ọ ghọrọ kwere omume napụta tọn revolutionary akwụkwọ, si otú laghachikwara n'ala nna ha banyere 50 puku. Staunch okpuru.

Russian mgbalị ruo kwekọrịtara na Schiff

Russian ọchịchị mgbalị ndị e mere iji ruo kwekọrịtara na Schiff, "ikpuru" ya n'akụkụ ya, ma ọ bụ ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ neutralized. Ọ dịghị agbamume okpu ime ka Schiff kwụsị enyere Russian revolutionary ije. World nke Romanovs enweghị ike kwubiri, Schiff kwuru.

pogroms

Ọtụtụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ kwere na ọnọdụ e site onye oru banki n'oge Russian-Japanese War, na-na metụtara-adịwanye njọ ọnọdụ nke ndị Juu nọ na Russia. Schiff, akụkọ ihe mere eme kweere, mere karịa onye ọ bụla ọzọ maka na-akawanye njọ nsogbu nke ya Russian co-okpukpe, n'ihi na ha adịghị ezochi eziokwu na ndị agha Japan na Russia nesite ekele ego nke ndị Juu bankers.

Na August na September nke 1904, na October 1905 na obodo nke Ukraine, Belarus, na mgbe ahụ dum n'ókèala Russia, a ife nke jọgburu pogroms mere site-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ ebubo ndị Juu maka agha na njikere nke mgbanwe. N'oge riots gburu ihe karịrị 800 Juu (a nọmba adịghị agụnye ndị nwụrụ anwụ si unan). The ihe onwunwe mmebi mere ka ndị Juu bi, na-eme atụmatụ na ihe karịrị 70 mln. Ete. Dị ka ndị ọzọ, na riots gburu ihe karịrị 4 puku. Ma merụọ banyere 10 puku. Juu. Schiff anọwo ọrụ ego nkwado nke ndị Juu onwe-agbachitere nkeji.

N'ihi ya, Schiff na ya entourage na Russian ọchịchị diplomatic mgbali ọnọdụ nke Russian Juu njọ ọbụna n'ihu: na oge site na 1912 ruo 1913th na mba aka ike iwu nakweere, nke ndị Juu nọ na-efunahụ nke residues na-elekọta mmadụ ikike na ohere.

The mbụ World

Ebe ọ bụ na mmalite nke agha, Russia ọchịchị ọzọ chọrọ enyemaka si US ego ahịa. Schiff agbanwebeghị ya ọnọdụ. Nyere Anyị Russian n'aka, o chere na o kwere omume nanị n'okpuru ọnọdụ nke mgbanwe megide ndị Juu iwu nke Russian ọchịchị.

February mgbanwe

Mmeri nke February mgbanwe Schiff acclaimed. Iwu nke 06.04.1917 mbụ Juu e nyere ndị nha anya ikike na ndị ọzọ ụmụ amaala nke mba ahụ. The mgbanwe, o kweere Schiff - a ezigbo ọrụ ebube, ọbụna karịa ntọhapụ nke ndị Biblical nna nna nke ndị Juu na ndị si Ijipt n'agha. Financial nkwado maka revolutionary ọchịchị ya abụrụwo nnọọ ịrịba.

"Ichefu onwe ha site na-acha ọbara ọbara ..."

Na 1918, Schiff ebubo ke eziokwu na, ekele ya ego na Russia, na Bolsheviks meriri. Schiff zitere a akwụkwọ ozi ka US Department of State, nke onye oru banki haa kewapụrụ onwe ya si Reds.

Ụfọdụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ, Otú ọ dị, na-akwado site ọmụma banyere n'ọrụ ego Schiff Lva Trotskogo. Ke adianade do, ọ na-amara na nke fọrọ nke nta iri atọ afọ mgbe mmeri nke mgbanwe, US na-ekwuchitere mba na ọgụgụ isi ọrụ ọnọ na ego si Schiff syndicate.

Book Adler Cyrus

Isi nkwado nke niile Russian revolutions Dzheykob Shiff, biography na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọma nke na-adade ke akwụkwọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na nta akụkọ Cyrus Adler, na taa bụ mmasị. The akwụkwọ e bipụtara na 2017 na Moscow ebipụta ụlọ "Tsentrpoligraf". 575 peeji nke nwere ụfọdụ na-akpali eziokwu si ndụ nke ama American onye oru banki, philanthropist na ọha na ọnụ ọgụgụ, na-ekpughe ọtụtụ akụkụ nke àgwà ya. The akwụkwọ bụ dị ka a mmekorita Schiff na ngwaọrụ ndị ọzọ na-anwapụta egosipụta ihe ndi gbasara ya.