Education, akụkọ ihe mere eme na emblem nke Golden Horde

Zolotaya Orda ochie obodo e kere 1224. N'oge ọchịchị nke Khan Meng-Timur ọ natara onwe, na naanị chie dabere na eze ukwu. Gịnị bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Golden Horde? Gịnị bụ ya ókè? Na ihe a ụzọ ndụ? Gbalịa ịghọta.

Malite aha

Ke n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na isi mmalite, dị ka nke ọma dị ka na Golden Horde, aha otu obodo a na-ahụghị. E a usoro nke na akara na ihe ọzọ "ulus" ma ọ bụ ala nwe aha. Na Russia na okwu a "Golden Horde" mbụ zutere na 1566 n'akwụkwọ bụ "Kazan History". Tupu na, Russian isi mmalite ji naanị okwu "Horde", nke na-emekarị n'aka a mobile agha mara ụlọikwuu. E nwere aha ndị ọzọ nke ala - Tatarstan, na Company, na Earth Tatars Tatars.

"Polovtsian steppe"

Na Northern Altai si III na narị afọ BC, ebo nile bi, a na-akpọ Kipchaks (dị ka The Chronicle - Polovtsy). Na oge site na VII ka nke Asatọ na narị afọ, ha na-isiokwu na- Turk Alaeze Ukwu na mesịrị ghọọ akụkụ nke ọdịda anyanwụ nke Kimek Khanate. Mgbe idem emem nke ala ike (malite na XI narị afọ) kipchaki ụgbọala Pechenegs na Oghuz ugwu, bi n'ala ha. N'oge na-adịghị na ọ ghọrọ usu-ebo Great Steppe si Danube na Irtysh. Nke a na ebe nke ala a na-akpọ Dasht-i-Kipchak. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ na-kewara abụọ n'akụkụ. Ya n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ebe Khan ekesịpde Bonyak nakwa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ - Togur Khan.

Revival na mmeri nke Dasht-i-Kipchak

Ntoputa nke onye maara ihe na dike khans Kipchak ebe budata gbasaa na ike. Mba dị iche iche, bụ akụkụ nke Great Steppe, e jikọtara, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị bi na ụba dị ịrịba ama. feudal hierarchy e guzobere, nke na-aga site Khan, aka nri ya na Sultan, ndị ọzọ kacha dị mkpa na ọnọdụ e nwere site Beck. Ikpeazụ ogbo bụ isiokwu nke bi. Nhazi ọkwa nditịm hụrụ.

Mgbe malitere mbuso agha nke Mongol na Eastern Europe, ndị Kipchaks anọghị n'akụkụ wee were ndị agha. Na 1223 ebo nwere furu efu agha. Na-adịghị anya, ndị Great Steppe bụ isi n'ala nke Golden Horde.

Education ulus

State Zolotaya Orda bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ibu ochie n'ókèala. Ọ kpụrụ ke 1243 site na nwa Jochi - Batu Khan. Otu n'ime ole na ole isi nweta ihe ọmụma n'oge bụ Laurentian Chronicle. Ọ na-agwa nke ọbịbịa nke oké Prince Yaroslav na Khan Batu maka labelụ ịchị okpomọkụ nke 1243. The ikpe na-egosi na Khan a na isi nke ọhụrụ ala. Mgbe ọnwụ nke Batu bịara ike Berke. Enye ama abat nke ndị nile bi of Russia na ndị ọzọ na ulus, na-akwụ ụgwọ pụrụ iche anya ka mma nke ọzụzụ agha agha.

N'oge ọchịchị nke nwa nwa ya Batu, Meng-Timur, Zolotaya Orda ghọrọ onwe ha, nwere ya mkpụrụ ego. Ya iri nwa - Uzbek Khan, malitere ịchịkọta ndị nzute, nke kwara okwu nke gọọmenti na-achịkwa. Ha aka nso ikwu na akpa temniki. Tupu ị gaa njem nsogbu na Khan, ọ kpebiri site Council, nke gụnyere nke anọ ulus emirs. Uzbek Khan ka iwu obodo ọchịchị na ekenịmde ọha ochichi centralization. Na-achị ndị Golden Horde ndị ọwọrọiso maka ha amamihe.

obodo ókè-ala-

Na Golden Horde gụnyere ndị na-esonụ ebe: Western Siberia, na Crimea, na Volga mpaghara, n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Central Asia. The ala e kewara abụọ n'akụkụ - AK ma ọ bụ na White Horde, na Kok (Blue). The isi obodo nke Golden Horde na oge site na nke Iri na Atọ na XV narị afọ - Serai-Batu. Uzbek Khan gbanwere center nke a buru ibu n'ókèala Serai Berke. Ọdịdị nke ala nwere ihe 150 n'obodo, 32 nke ha na-ebu coinage.

Arab isi mmalite XIV-XV narị afọ na-akọwa ókè nke Golden Horde mgbe Khan Uzbek otú a: "Alaeze nke ya ụgha n'ebe ugwu-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na-erukwa si Black Sea na Irtysh n'ogologo site 800 farsahs na a kacha obosara nke Derbentado Bulgar odika 600 farsahs". Map of China, dere na 1331 afọ, na-agụnye ndị na-esonụ mba na Jochi Ulus: Russia, na Volga mpaghara na obodo nke Bulgar, Crimea Solkhat obodo, Northern Caucasus, Kazakhstan na Khorezm niile, Sairam, Barchakend, Jenda. Dị ka ị pụrụ ịhụ na ebe, nke na-ekesịpde Uzbek Khan, ọ bụ nnukwu.

ndụ nke Tatars

The ndị mmadụ na Jochi Ulus tumadi aku ugbo na ụmụ anụmanụ husbandry, dị iche iche crafts. The agha nke Golden Horde bụ nnukwu, ndị agha nọ na-achụ na-amụba ha nkà. Amamihe ọchịchị, dị ka ndị Khan Uzbek, Dzhanibek, Tokhtamysh, ike budata dịkwuo larịị nke mmepe nke ala. Ọnọdụ dị iche majolica na Mozis nnukwu ije. N'oge ọchịchị nke khans of uri mụbara, ndị kasị ama na-anọchite anya ndị Kotb, Khwarizmi, Saif Seraị. Mmetụta nke Golden Horde puta ìhè na-arụsi ọrụ ike ahia na ọtụtụ mba. Ka ihe atụ, China dị owu, silk, poselin, iko na Crimea me ngwá agha, na Russia - ajị anụ, anụ ahụ, wolrus oduenyi, na nri. Exported ọla, egbuke, iko na ọkpụkpụ akpọkwa, na ndị ọzọ.

Mmalite nke mbibi nke Jochi Ulus

Ebe ọ bụ na ọgwụgwụ nke XIV narị afọ na Zolotaya Orda malitere tisaa. Tumadi n'ihi nkwenkwe okpukpe malitere ibibi Tatar J.Randall, na-ada na malitere. Mgbe ọnwụ nke Khan Uzbek ocheeze ya o we n'etiti nwa - Dzhanibek. O we buru eze ogologo. Mgbe ọnwụ ya na 1357 wee ike, nwanne ya nwoke Muhamet-Bardybek. Malitere feuding. Afọ 18 na-achị ndị Golden Horde e dochie ugboro 25. The ala e kewara onwe ha khanate na emmepe na Kazan, Astrakhan, Sarah, nakwa dị ka kpụrụ Mesherskoye Khanate. Na oge a tara akpụ warlord Mamai malitere nweta ike, na 1377, o mesịrị were ya. The ndú na-ghọtara site ndị Golden Horde na White, nakwa dị ka Cossacks na Nogais, otú a manyere achọ support. Na ọ hụrụ na ọ na onye na-Lithuanian Grand Duke Jagiello. Ebe ọ bụ na agha na Moscow, na J.Randall nke Golden Horde. N'ihi nke na mgba na Russian isi bụ Agha nke Kulikovo na 1380, nke Mamai efu. Mgbe e meriri ya, ọ ọzọ na-amalite na-akpọkọta ndị agha ya. N'oge a, ọ dị ihe ọzọ mmeri.

Board Tokhtamysh na Tamerlane

N'iji nke esịtidem agha na ime ebo nile nke Turkmens, Tamerlane subjugates na White Horde. Mgbe na-anata ozi ọma nke ọnwụ nke Mamaia na Agha nke Kulikov, o zipụrụ ndị ya tụkwasịrị obi ọchịagha megide Tokhtamysh. Ikpeazụ imeri n'ọba gaa Mamaia, nke na N'ezie nke agha, e gburu. Tokhtamysh ghọrọ Khan nke Golden Horde. Onye ahu weghachiri mba okpukpe na echiche nke ịdị n'otu nke ndị ya. Ọ malitere ịlaghachi mmetụta nke Golden Horde. Han chọrọ iji wuchaa nrubeisi nke Russian bi na haziri agha mkpọsa. N'oge ọchịchị ya, Tokhtamysh ebibi Moscow, Serpukhov, Kolomna, Pereslavl. Gbanyesiri mkpọrọgwụ na ike ha, Khan ghọrọ a àgwà ọjọọ ya abara Tamerlane, bụ onye na-anabata mpako, na wakporo Golden Horde. Tatars, na-enweghị oge, ọ bịara agbachitere n'ókèala ha. Mgbe ogologo mgba Tamerlane meriri. Part nke meriri obodo e bibiri ebibi. Ọtụtụ afọ mgbe e mesịrị, ndị agha dara ọzọ, na ọzọ, na Tartars efu. Tamerlane etinye Khan nke Golden Horde Meng-Qutluq.

The ida nke a oké ala

Mgbe ọnwụ nke isi Khan Zolotaya Orda anọchi anya Khanates esonụ: Sarayskiy, Kazan, Astrakhanskoye, Cossack na Crimea. Cossack ala e weere onwe ha, ọ bụghị na-akpọ ike nke Khan. Na 1438 ọ kwuru onwe ya na ndị Kazan Khanate. Na-achị ya Kichi-Makhmet owụt a ọchịchọ ịghọ isi Khan nke Golden Horde. Agha obodo malitere. Maka isi ike wee malite ibuso ndị Khans Serai, Crimea na Kazan.

Great mmetụta na omume bụ iji nye ndị Sultan nke Turkey. Ya mere, o mere Mengli Khan nke Crimea Giray. Sultan ogologo ọchịchị ya ọ bụghị nanị na Krymskoe Hanstvo, kamakwa na ókèala nke Kazan. Mengli Gray wee na-alụ ọgụ na-achị ndị Golden Horde. Na 1502 ọ ghọrọ onye agha na Shih-Ahmed na merie ndị agha. The isi obodo nke Golden Horde, Serai Batu, e bibiri. The otu ugboro-akwa ala kwụsịrị ịdị adị.

Na ihe ọzọ merenụ na a n'ókèala sara? N'oge ahụ, anyị ghọrọ dịpụrụ adịpụ ọhụrụ iche - Kazakhs na Nogai na Crimea Tatars, Bashkirs na ndị ọzọ. Na niile ekwu, nke bụbu Golden Horde ẹnịm ọdịnala nketa nke ike. Mere ọchịchị dị iche iche kwurula na mpaghara bụ a steppe J.Randall - Genghis Khan. Ụfọdụ ndị ha sultans bụ, ya mere, ha kpọrọ si Kazakh Khanate. anọchi isi "na-acha ọcha na ọkpụkpụ" ruo ogologo oge na-agbanwe agbanwe. Na XV narị afọ kere esonụ na-ekwu: na Nogai Horde, Crimea, Uzbekistan, Kazan, Siberia, na Kazakh Khanate. Na XVI na narị afọ Ivan Grozny were Kazan State were Astrakhan Khanate na Nogai isi obodo - wụsịrị. Na 1582 Ermak na ya detachment nke Cossacks weghaara Siberia State. Kemgbe ahụ, Russia aghọwo mụbaa ókèala ya, na-emeri ihe na ọzọ ọnụ ọgụgụ obodo ukwu ndị nke mbụ Golden Horde.

The uwe nke ogwe aka nke Golden Horde

Otu republished oge ochie isi mmalite nke Asaa narị afọ "On zachinanii ịrịba ama na banner ma ọ bụ ensign" na-ede: "... Ma n'otu oge na-akpatara ọbụna n'etiti ndị Rom na Caesar oké agha na Cesar thrice tie ndị Rom ma were ha abụọ ọkọlọtọ, ya bụ abụọ ugo. Na site na mgbe a malitere Tsesaryane nwere a ọkọlọtọ na ihe ịrịba ama na-ebi akwụkwọ abụọ-gawa ugo. " Na oge a parlance, Alaeze Ukwu Byzantium na-alụ agha na ndị Rom. Na o meriri n'agha. Dị ka na-eto eto, na steeti ekwesịghị ọkọlọtọ nke meriri alaeze ukwu. Na 1273 beklyarbek Nogai nwunye nwa-nwayi nke Byzantine Emperor Evfrosinii Paleolog. Tupu agbamakwụkwọ, ọ nabatara ọtọdọks okwukwe. The emblem nke Alaeze Ukwu Byzantium bụ a abụọ-gawa ugo, nke Nogai ghọtara emblem nke Golden Horde. N'oge ọchịchị nke khans Uzbek Djanibek na mkpụrụ ego State ifịk ifịk na-eji a ọhụrụ uwe nke ogwe aka nke image.

E nwere ihe ọzọ emblem, nke a na-hụrụ na mgbe ochie gwupụtara. Ọ e sere a nnụnụ na a swastika ya n'obi. Nke a emblem nke Golden Horde nọ na mgbanaka na n'ocheeze Genghis Khan. The swastika bụ a onye nke anyanwụ, obi ụtọ na ndụ. Ya oyiyi e ji na eriri, carpets, na uwe ya. The akara e weere a okpukpe ihe ịrịba ama, nwere ume dị ukwuu.

The emblem nke Great Steppe na Astrakhan ógbè

Ọ bụrụ na ị anya abụọ ndị a na-agụ akụkọ: Russian uwe nke ogwe aka - uwe nke ogwe aka nke Golden Horde, ị pụrụ ịhụ na ha na-yiri nnọọ. Na 1260, bụ obodo nke Tsarevo e wuru, nke bụ isi obodo nke Horde. Ya aha ọzọ - Serai Berke. Gold uwe Horde anọchi anya image okpueze (trefoil), n'okpuru nke odude a saber (mpekere onwa ọnwa). Ọnụ ụdị a cross, ndị mpekere onwa na anyanwụ bụ a nkịtị okpukpe akara nke secession ekpe Islam. Na oge nke feudal fragmentation nke ala ike e bufere Astrakhan alaeze, na ya uwe nke ogwe aka nke Golden Horde. Photos of yiri akwụkwọ ịma ọkwa dị taa na mkpofu akụkọ ihe mere eme na-akwado nnabata nke ya Astrakhan. Ma, ọ bụ na e nwere ihe ọzọ ihe nnọchianya nke a oké ala.

Zolotaya Orda. The ogwe aka ya na ọkọlọtọ

State Zolotaya Orda nwere bụghị naanị ogwe aka, ma ọkọlọtọ. Nke ikpeazụ bụ a na foto nke a na nwa ikwiikwii na a odo ọta (ụfọdụ akụkọ ihe mere eme kweere na ọ bụ otu ihe uwe nke ogwe aka). E nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe odide na nke a na-e kwuru na nke a ọkọlọtọ. Ka ihe atụ, "World Geography" Dutch ọkọlọtọ table mmalite nke XVIII narị afọ, "Book" Marco Polo. Ọ ezute ọzọ agwa - a black dragon na a odo ndabere. Nke a emblem nke ụfọdụ akụkọ ihe mere eme, kwa, bụ ọkọlọtọ nke Golden Horde. Ọ e were dị ka ọkọlọtọ nke oge ochie ala na ihe oyiyi a red mpekere onwa na okpueze. Na Iji nwa na-acha odo odo na agba.

Ezi akụkọ ihe mere eme na-mgbe na dabeere na-egosi hụrụ. N'ụzọ dị mwute, Jochi Ulus adị ruo ogologo oge, ọtụtụ isi nweta ihe ọmụma a na-efu ma ọ bụ bibie ya. Na ajụjụ bụ ịdị adị nke Mongol-Tatar yoke na ọrụ n'ezie egwuri site Great Khanate. Ma ihe ị pụrụ ijide n'aka, nke mere na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Golden Horde na Russia na-anya nwere njikọ chiri anya. Ọtụtụ omenala na ihe nakweere onye ọ bụla ọzọ na ndị ka na-eji.