Endotoxin - a ... Exotoxins na endotoxins

Ke kiet ke otu alaeze nke ọdịdị mejupụtara otu-celled ntule, bacteria dịpụrụ adịpụ na ngalaba. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime umu-emepụta pụrụ iche chemical ogige - exotoxins na endotoxins. Ha nhazi ọkwa, Njirimara na mmetụta ahụ mmadụ ga-atụle n'isiokwu a.

Gịnị bụ nsí

Bekee (tumadi protein ọdịdị ma ọ bụ lipopolysaccharide), secreted nje cell n'ime extracellular ọmụmụ ya mgbe ọnwụ - bụ a nje endotoxin. Ọ bụrụ na ndụ prokaryotic organism arụpụta nsí umi n'ime usu cell, na microbiology, dị ogige na-akpọ exotoxins. Ha nwere a na-agbawa obi mmetụta na mmadụ anụ ahụ na akụkụ, ya bụ: inactivate na enzyme usoro na cellular larịị, akpaghasị metabolism. Endotoxin - a nsi, na-enye emebiri mmetụta dị ndụ, na ya ịta pụrụ ịbụ nnọọ obere. Na microbiology mara ihe banyere 60 ogige ekenyela nje na mkpụrụ ndụ. Ka anyị tụlee ha na ihe zuru ezu.

Lipopolysaccharide ọdịdị nke nje nsị

Ọkà mmụta sayensị achọpụtala na endotoxin - a ngwaahịa nke cleavage nke elu akpụkpọ ahụ nke gram-adịghị mma bacteria. Ọ bụ a mgbagwoju esịnede a mgbagwoju carbohydrate na a lipid na interacts na a kpọmkwem ụdị cell anabata. Nke a na njikọ mejupụtara atọ akụkụ: lipid A, antigen na ihe oligosaccharide molekul. Ọ bụ mbụ akụrụngwa, na-echefu n'ime ọbara iyi, na-eme kasị ebibi mmetụta, ndị niile ihe ịrịba ama nke oké nsi: dyspeptic phenomena, hyperthermia, ọnya nke Central ụjọ usoro. Ofufe Ọrịa ọbara endotoxin emee ngwa ngwa nke na ahụ amalite septic ujo.

Ọzọ bughi mmewere bụ nke endotoxin - bụ ihe oligosaccharide gụnyere heptose - C ₇ H ₁₄ O _7. Etinyewe ke n'ọbara, Central disaccharide nwekwara ike ime ka ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè, ma milder karịa ikpe nke na kọntaktị na ọbara lipid A.

Mmetụta nke n'ebe endotoxins n'ime ahụ mmadụ

The kasị pụta nke ihe nke nje nsí na mkpụrụ ndụ bụ trombogemorragichesky syndrome na septic ujo. The mbụ ụdị daa ọrịa na-ebilite si abanye ọbara bekee - nsí belata ya coagulation. Nke a na-eduga ná multiple ngwa mmebi, esịnede connective anụ ahụ - parenchyma, dị ka akpa ume, imeju, na akụrụ. Ha parenchyma ime multiple ọbara ọgbụgba, na n'oké ikpe - ọbara ọgbụgba. Ọzọ ụdị ọrịa na-adị ka a n'ihi nke edinam nke nje nsị - bụ septic ujo. Ọ na-eduga ná imebi nke ọbara na Lymph mgbasa, na mmetụta nke onye na-imebi nke oxygen iga na nri dị oké mkpa akụkụ na anụ ahụ: ụbụrụ, akpa ume, akụrụ, imeju.

A onye na-atụtụ sharply maka-eyi ndụ egwu mgbaàmà ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka a ngwa ngwa dobe na ọbara mgbali, hyperthermia na ngwa ngwa na-emepe emepe nnukwu obi insufficiency. Ngwa ngwa ọgwụ aka (ejide hormone na ọgwụ nje ọgwụ) suppresses endotoxin mmetụta na ngwa ngwa na-ewepu ya na ahu.

Otherness exotoxins

Tupu anyị chọpụta kpọmkwem nke ụdị nje nsị, anyị na-echeta na endotoxin - nke a bụ otu n'ime mmiri nke a lysate nke cell mgbidi gram-adịghị mma bacteria ndị nwụrụ anwụ. Exotoxins synthesized site n'ibi ndụ prokaryotic mkpụrụ ndụ: ma gram-nti na-gram-adịghị mma. Na okwu nke chemical Ọdịdị, ha dị nnọọ obere na-edozi na molekụla arọ. Otu nwere ike ikwu na ndị isi na-adakarị ngosipụta aa n'oge na-efe efe mee ka kpomkwem lethality exotoxins nke na-guzobere n'ihi na metabolism nke kasị bacteria.

Microbiological ọmụmụ pụtara na elu egwu nke a ụdị nje toxins, ka tụnyere endotoxin. The causative mmadụ nke tetanus, whooping ụkwara, diphtheria emepụta nsi nke protein okike. Ha igosipụta thermolability ma bibie site kpo oku na nso nke si 70 95 degrees Celsius maka 12-25 nkeji.

ụdị exotoxins

Nhazi ọkwa nke ụdị nje nsí wuru na ụkpụrụ nke ha utịp ke cell Ọdịdị. Ka ihe atụ, ịmata ihe dị iche membranotoksiny, ha akpaghasị usu cell membranes ma ọ bụ na-emerụ mgbasa na-arụsi ọrụ ike iga nke ion agafe akpụkpọ ahụ bilayer. E nwekwara cytotoxins. Ọ nsị eme na mkpụrụ ndụ hyaloplasm na ichegbu mmeghachi omume nke assimilation na dissimilation aa na cellular metabolism. Ọzọ ogige - nsị "ọrụ" dị ka enzymes, e.g., hyaluronidase (neuraminidase). Ha ebelata dịghịzi usoro nke onye, na-inactivated na mmepụta nke lymphocytes, monocytes na macrophages na Lymph. Ebe ọ bụ na protease ebibi echebe-alụso ọrịa ọgụ, na Lecithinase cleaves lecithin, akụkụ nke akwara ozi. Nke a na-eduga ná emeghasịkwa nke bioimpulsov, na dị ka a na ya pụta, ka a ọnụ na innervation nke akụkụ na anụ ahụ.

Cytotoxins pụrụ ime ihe dị ka detergents, si otú e mbibi nke ndị na-eguzosi ike n'ezi nke lipid oyi akwa akpụkpọ ahụ nke usu cell. Ọzọkwa, ha na-enwe ike imebi ala, dị ka onye na mkpụrụ ndụ na ahu na ha na-akpakọrịta - anụ ahụ na-eme ka e guzobere biogenic amines, nke bụ ngwaahịa nke metabolic Jeremaya mere na-egosi na-egbu egbu Njirimara.

The usoro nke ihe nke nje nsí

Microbiological ọmụmụ achọpụtawo na endotoxin - a mgbagwoju Ọdịdị gụnyere abụọ molekụla center. Mmalite na-egbu egbu umi attaches ka a kpọmkwem cell ihe nnabata, na nke abụọ gbawara akpụkpọ ahụ ya na-abanye kpọmkwem n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ hyaloplasm. Ọ nsí nkanka na metabolic Jeremaya mere: protein biosynthesis na-ewere ọnọdụ na ribosomes, ATP njikọ nke a rụrụ site mitochondria, replication nke nucleic asịd. The elu egwu nke nje peptides, si ele ihe anya nke chemical Ọdịdị nke ha irighiri, n'ihi na eziokwu na ụfọdụ ndị nsí loci nwogharia gbasara ohere Ọdịdị nke bekee na cell, dị ka neurotransmitters, homonụ na enzymes. Nke a na-enye ohere nsí "ka circumvent cellular agbachitere usoro" na ngwa ngwa banye n'ime ya cytoplasm. N'ihi ya, cell na-disarmed tupu ọrịa nje, ebe ọ bụ na ike na-etolite na-efunari ya echebe bekee: interferon, gamma-globulin,-alụso ọrịa ọgụ. Ọ ga-kwuru na Njirimara nke endotoxins na exotoxins ndị yiri na na ma ụdị nke nje nsị mee kpọmkwem mkpụrụ ndụ na ahụ, ya bụ, nwere a elu specificity.