Hypersonic "Isiokwu 4202" na ya ule

"Object nke 4202" - a nnọchiteanya nke ọhụrụ Russian oru ngo na ubi nke oge a na agha hypersonic ụgbọ elu ugbo ala (LA). Dị ka ikikere mba gbasara nyocha emmepe, ya ịga nke ọma, mmejuputa iwu nwere ike neutralize uru na ubi nke usoro-agha, nke na US na-ezube gafere Russia dị ka a n'ihi nke nkenye ọnọdụ nke a zuru ụwa ọnụ agha agbachitere usoro.

Dị ka nkewa site na ugbo elu ụgbọ elu ọsọ

LA ya ọsọ e ji mara na-ekewa n'ime subsonic, supersonic na hypersonic. Na nke a, na-agba nke ha ọsọ na-emekarị kwuru na dị ka dimensionless quantities, multiple t. A na-akpọ. Mach nọmba, na-akpọ mgbe Austrian physics Ernsta Maha na denoted na akwụkwọ ozi M. Latin Mach nọmba bụ dimensionless na mfe nwere ike kọwaa dị ruru nke ugbo elu ike ọsọ ka ọsọ nke ụda na ikuku na a nyere elu. Ya mere, ndị na-agba nke ugbo elu na 1 M (ma ọ bụ M = 1) pụtara na ọ na-akwali na -agba nke na ụda. Ọ ga-eti na-elu ụda ike ọsọ mbelata, ka uru nke 1 M na dị iche iche dị elu ga-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi dị iche iche na ụkpụrụ, kwupụtara na km / h. N'ihi ya, na ala na-agba uru kwekọrọ M 1 1 224 km / h na n'ebe ịdị elu nke 11 km - 1.062 km / h.

Supersonic ụgbọelu ike ọsọ nwere ike gafere uru nke 5 M (ma ọ bụ M = 5), na hypersonic ada na gbapụrụ ọsọ dị n'elu 5 M. Otú ọ dị, ha nwekwara ike awụgharị iji ịda n'oge ụgbọ elu na ikuku aerodynamic ike, na atụmatụ anya, ọtụtụ ibu karịa dogiperzvukovyh gbapụrụ ọsọ.

Physical iche isi hypersonic ugbo elu

Ókè-ala M 5 n'etiti supersonic na hypersonic ugbo elu na-họọrọ site ohere. The eziokwu na mgbe na-eru a na-agba na-agbanwe budata uma nke aerodynamic na ike Filiks karị nso ụgbọelu ahụ na n'ime ya ugboelu engine. Firstly, ókè oyi akwa nke ikuku eru gburugburu ugbo elu, na a na-agba nke 5 M ụtọ ruo ọtụtụ puku degrees na okpomọkụ (karịsịa na frontal akụkụ nke ugbo elu), na-amalite na disintegrate n'ime ion (dissociated) gas ụmụ irighiri gụnyere na ikuku. Physico-chemical Njirimara nke a ionized gas dị iche budata na nke ndị nkịtị ikuku, ọ nēche ịbanye chemical mmeghachi omume na elu nke ugbo elu, na-enwe oké okpomọkụ na convection okpomọkụ nyefe n'etiti ya na-eru na gburugburu eruba. Ya mere, LA okpomọkụ ọta ga-ọ dịghị njọ karịa ndị American "Space Shuttle" ma ọ bụ ndị Soviet "Buran".

Ke adianade do, hypersonic ugbo elu ugboelu engine mkpa a pụrụ nnọọ iche imewe na-adịghị dị ka ọ bụla nke mara ụdị. The eziokwu na ụfọdụ ugbo elu engines supersonic ụgbọelu ike ọsọ eruba n'ime oriri ikuku si ikuku n'oge guzobe nke ikuku-manu ngwakọta na-apụghị izere ezere na-ebelata ka subsonic (ma-agaghị ekwe omume enwetaghị ikuku na-abanye na-chọrọ ego nke mmanụ ụgbọala). The hypersonic ugbo elu bụ Mbelata ikuku eruba ọnụego bụ adịghị anakwere - ruru ka ume akakabarede iwu a na-akpata ekpo oke ọkụ nke engine imewe ọcha, nke na-apụghị ịnagide ọ bụla mara ihe.

imewe Atụmatụ

Engine hypersonic ugbo elu (na mfe n'onwe) yiri abụọ articulated funnels, otu onye nke na-eje ozi dị ka ntụ mmiri (warara akụkụ bụ ụdị Compressor, jikọtara na injector nke mmanụ a na-eje ozi dị ka a combustion ulo), na a abụọ foneelu - a nozulu maka ụzọ ọpụpụ nke àjà-nsure, haruru, eke cravings. Nke a engine pụrụ enịm dị n'okpuru fuselage nke ugbo elu, nke na-emepụta a na-oyiyi nke hypersonic ugbo ala.

Otú ọ dị, ndị dị otú ahụ a moto ike rụọ ọrụ na gbapụrụ ọsọ na-erughị 5-6 M, dị ka abịakọrọ stream bụ naanị ụtọ ruo okpomọkụ dị mkpa maka zuru combustion. Ya mere, ihe kasị ezi uche ụzọ achụsakwa hypersonic ụgbọelu ahụ chọrọ ọsọ nke engine mmalite (dịkarịa ala n'oge ugbu ogbo) bụ iji ome osooso-separable rọketi dị ka akpa ogbo, mgbe ụfọdụ, na Nchikota na ihe ome osooso ụgbọelu. Na foto e dere n'okpuru ebe hypersonic ugbo elu American X-52, ofu n'okpuru a nku usoro otu bombu B-52.

State nke nkà hypersonic ugbo elu na US

The US ka ogologo malitere ọhụrụ dị iche iche nke na-akpasu iwe na ngwá agha. Mbụ, a hypersonic ugbo elu. Ya mere, dị ka akụkụ nke DARPA agụ nkwọ Project Project mepụtara rọketi ngwe ẹkedọhọde HTV-2, nakwa dị ka oru nke hypersonic ugbo ala ụlọ ọrụ Boeing (X-43, ndị X-51) akwadebeghị na a ramjet engines dị ka onye na foto n'elu. Ha nwere ike na-ebu warheads erikpu ruo 450 n'arọ, nke nwere ike ịbụ ma nuclear warheads na bombs olu gbawara n'akụkụ ike nwere ike ime echebe KP iro.

Boeing X-51 oru ngo ga-ike nke na gbapụrụ ọsọ ruo 6400 km / h. N'ihi na oge mbụ a unit na-weliri n'ime ikuku na May 2010. E nwere ihe abụọ ọma mmalite, biri mbibi nke ngwe. Mgbe nkewa si ugbo elu ụgbọelu ngwaọrụ accelerates ọzọ booster, mere na ndabere nke agha na kenkwucha agba. Naanị n'elu-eru ọsọ nke 5400 km / h Switched ekweghiekwe moto nke ugbo elu, nke accelerates na a na nrughari ike ọsọ.

Ihe anyị na-efu Soviet hypersonic nmepe

N'ezie, Russia nwere ilekọta apụ a iyi egwu. Taa kwesịrị ekwesị Soviet development me ka uche. Na 80s nke ikpeazụ nke narị afọ anyị nwere elu nmepe na mpaghara ebe a na ọbụna a okokụre ngwaahịa - a rọketi ụgbọelu X-90 oru ngo "Gala". Dị ka ndị ọkachamara, na X-90 ọma ulo oru si ụgbọelu akpan emegharị n'ihi nzube a, na ngwa ngwa na na 5400 km / h, nke bụ hypersonic ókè. Ma mgbe ahụ, wee na "gọziri agọzi liberals 90", na oru ngo-a kagbuo.

Russia mere "Washington"

Nso nso a, ndị a ma ama British agha research center Janes Ozi Group bipụtara ozi na na February afọ gara aga na Russia na saịtị "Dombarovsky" (Orenburg region.) Ekenịmde ụgbọ elu ule nke a hypersonic ugbo elu n'okpuru akara Na-71 (YU-71). The ihe 4202, nke, dị ka otu center, bụ a generalized nnọchianya nke niile Russian hypersonic mmepe bụ akụkụ nke anyị agha omume.

Ma ya iwu iwu na ụlọ ọrụ na-abụghị War Department, na Federal Space Agency, nke n'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị dị ugbu a abụghị ihe karịrị "cover" nke ọrụ a. Head OCD otu ngosi na "Object 4202" bụ "NPO Engineering" si Moscow Reutova (n'oge rọketi KB mmebe general Vladimir Chelomeya, nke bụ isi Mmepụta nrughari agba na-ajụ iche iche ballistic agba na USSR).

Site n'ụzọ, na saịtị nke a ụlọ ọrụ nwere ozi na na mbubreyo 50-ies nke ikpeazụ nke narị afọ na KB e kere LA MP-1, ike na-awụgharị dị ka ikuku na-enyemaka nke aerodynamic akara ebupụta na hypersonic gbapụrụ ọsọ. Ịga nke ọma mwepụta nke ya e rụrụ na 1961! Ya mere isiokwu nke "ihe 4202" nwere ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme.

Atụmanya maka Russian "hypersonic"

Site a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke na isi mmalite, a maara na ebe ọ bụ na mmalite nke 2000s, Russia malitere ọrụ na a "agha hypersonic" na-aga Na-71 ka ngwaahịa ndị gaje ballistic agha "Sarmat". The ọhụrụ Russian supersonic ihe 4202 nwere ike mee ngwangwa ka a na-agba nke 11,000 km / h na ike na-ebu ot ma ọ bụ nuclear warhead. Mgbe ngwa nwere ike awụgharị dị otú ahụ a nnukwu velocities, mgbe ikuku na karị nke 40 ruo 50 km. Ya mere, ọ na-apụghị-intercepted site ọ bụla ọhụrụ agha agbachitere usoro.

Ọ bụ ezie na oge a warheads nke Intercontinental ballistic agba na iru hypersonic gbapụrụ ọsọ na ụgbọ elu, ma na trajectory nke mkpụrụ ngụkọta oge, na ya mere na o na interception agha agbachitere ụlọ ọrụ. The ngwaahịa bụ otu ihe ahụ Na-71 (ihe 4202) bụ ike, na iche, a mgbagwoju nghogbu na ihe na-ejighị n'aka ụzọ, na-agbanwe N'ezie na ịdị elu nke mere na ọ bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta-agaghị ekwe omume intercept.

Na nke a, e nwere ihe mere iche na nke mbụ ule ihe 4202 gafere na 2004. Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ osote onye isi nke ndi-General Staff nke Russian agha Yuri Baluyevsky kọrọ na a pịa ogbako na hypersonic ugbo elu ule, na-achịkwa na N'ezie na elu.

"Object nke 4202": n'ikperé America na hypersonic

The American pịa ka meghachi omume na Russian ule nke hypersonic ngwe. Ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na-n'ihu ọha na-ekwu banyere eziokwu ahụ bụ na US atụmatụ nke ozugbo Global Ebu ugbu a nwere a dị oké njọ osompi. Ọ bụrụ na oru ngo "Property 4202" ọrụ a ga-ọma dechara 10 afọ Russia ga-oké njọ "opi kaadị" na mkparita uka na US. Nke bụ eziokwu bụ na ọnụnọ nke hypersonic ugbo elu ga-emerịrị ka kụrụ ọ bụla lekwasịrị na United States nanị otu agha. Ka ihe atụ, otu "SARMAT", nke ga-arụnyere na ugbo elu, mere site "Object 4202". Hypersound na ụgbọ elu na-agba na-achịkwa ike plus a ọhụrụ ụdị ugbo elu - a bụ àgwà nke ọhụrụ a ngwá agha, nke nwere ike ime ka efu colossal n'efu nke onwunwe na-ewu US agha agbachitere usoro.