Ihe kachasi mkpa n'ime chemical mmeghachi omume. The iwu nke umu ihe nche nke uka bekee (ọgwụ)

Chemistry - ọkà mmụta sayensị nke bekee, ha ngwaọrụ, ha Njirimara na mgbanwe, anyị na-enweta dị ka a n'ihi nke chemical Jeremaya mere, nke na-atọ ntọala site iwu nke onwu. All general onwu dabeere on 4 isi iwu, ndị ọtụtụ n'ime ha meghere Russian ọkà mmụta sayensị. Ma n'isiokwu a, anyị ga-elekwasị anya na iwu nke umu ihe nche nke uka bekee, nke bụ akụkụ nke ihe ndị bụ isi iwu nke onwu.

The iwu nke umu ihe nche nke uka nke okwu-atụle n'ụzọ zuru ezu. N'isiokwu ndị mere nchọpụta nke iwu, ya kachasi mkpa na mmiri ga-kọwara.

The iwu nke umu ihe nche nke uka bekee (ọgwụ): na okwu

Mass bekee ịbanye a chemical mmeghachi omume bụ hà uka nke ihe onwunwe n'ihi ya.

Ma azụ akụkọ. Karịa 20 ọtụtụ narị afọ gara aga Gris bụ ọkà Demokrit chere na niile okwu ahụ bụ anya ahụ. веке химик английского происхождения Роберт Бойль выдвинул теорию: вся материя построена из мельчайших частиц вещества. Na na na na Asaa narị afọ mmiri ọgwụ English si Robert Boyle chọrọ ozizi: niile okwu na-wuru si n'onye kasị nta ahụ nke okwu. Boyle ekenịmde nwere na metal, kpo oku ya ka ikpo. Ọ ntukwasi arịa tupu mgbe kpo oku, na chọpụtara na ibu ụba. Burning osisi nyere ndị na-abụghị mmetụta - ntukwasi obere ash osisi.

n'oge na

The iwu nke umu ihe nche nke uka bekee (ọgwụ) nyere ọkà mmụta sayensị ịdị n'otu na 1748 MV Lomonosov, na 1756 àmà eksperimentnym ụzọ. Russian ọkà mmụta sayensị mere na-egosi. Ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ akara capsules ntukwasi tin capsules na kpo oku, na mgbe ahụ, mgbe, ọ ga-abụ doro anya uka nchekwa umu iwu bekee (ọgwụ). The okwu kwuru na ọkà mmụta sayensị Lomonosov, yiri nnọọ ka oge a. Russian ọkà mmụta sayensị mere ka onye-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha onyinye mmepe nke atọm-molekụla Ozizi. Ọ n'otu iwu nke umu ihe nche nke uka bekee (ọgwụ) ka iwu nke umu ihe nche nke ike. The ugbu a ozizi kwadoro sie ike. Naanị iri atọ afọ mgbe e mesịrị, na 1789, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Lavoisier nke France enen na Lomonosov Ozizi. Ma nke ahụ bụ naanị a maa. Iwu, ọ bụ na nke iri abụọ na narị afọ (mmalite), mgbe afọ 10 nke nnyocha site German ọkà mmụta sayensị G. Landolt.

ihe atụ nke nwere

Tụlee ihe ndị nwere ike igosi na iwu nke umu ihe nche nke uka bekee (ọgwụ). ihe atụ:

1. The arịa e debere red site, ekpuchi tightly stoppered na ntukwasi. Okpomọkụ n'elu obere okpomọkụ. The guzobere ọcha anwụrụ ọkụ (site oxide) kwuru na e nwere a chemical mmeghachi omume. Reweighed na nyochaa na arọ nke arịa na-enwetara umi na-agbanwebeghị. The akụkụ nke mmeghachi omume: 4F + 3O2 = 2R2O3.
2. Iri abụọ na arịa Landolt. Na otu onye n'ime ha nke ọma ka ha ghara mix, wụsa reagents edu nitrate na potassium iodide. Na ite ọzọ tinye potassium thiocyanate na ferric chloride. E mechiri tightly. The pan kwesịrị echiche ziri ezi. Mix ọdịnaya ọ bụla akpa. Na otu odo ịkpali e guzobere - a ụzọ iodide, thiocyanate nwetara ọzọ ígwè ọchịchịrị red agba. Na e guzobere ọhụrụ bekee akpịrịkpa itule.
3. Zazhzhom a oriọna, dọba ya n'ime a akpa. Hermetically-emechi akpa. Lee ndị akpịrịkpa na itule. Mgbe a akpa imecha ikuku, kandụl na-apụ, na-chemical mmeghachi omume usoro na-agwụ agwụ. Akpịrịkpa bụ ziri ezi, otú arọ nke reactants na otu arọ nke ogige kpụrụ.
4. Bịaruo onye ọzọ ahụmahụ na-atụle ihe atụ nke iwu nke umu ihe nche nke uka bekee (ọgwụ). Formula calcium chloride - CaCl2, na sulfate acid - H2SO4. Na mmeghachi omume nke ndị a bekee, a na-acha ọcha ịkpali - calcium sulfate (CaSO4), na hydrochloric acid (HCl). N'ihi na nnwale, anyị mkpa na ọnụ ọgụgụ na arịa Landolt. Nke ọma enubanye a arịa nke calcium chloride na acid sulphate, na-enweghị agwakọta ha, tightly stoppered. Anyị itu na itule. Ekem mix ndị reagents, ma na-edebe na-acha ọcha ịkpali (calcium sulfate). Nke a na-egosi na e nwere a chemical mmeghachi omume. Ọzọ itu arịa. Ibu nọgidere na otu. The akụkụ a mmeghachi omume ga-ele anya dị ka nke a: CaCl2 + H2SO4 = CaSO4 + 2HCl.

isi

The isi ebumnuche nke chemical Jeremaya mere na gbarie ụmụ irighiri na otu bekee na ekemende etolite ọhụrụ ụmụ irighiri nke umi. Na nke a, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke atọm nke ọ bụla umi na mmekọrịta na mgbe na-anọgide na-agbanweghi agbanwe. Mgbe e guzobere ọhụrụ bekee, ike a tọhapụrụ, na mgbe ha gbasaa ya absorption, ugbu energetic mmetụta, nke na-egosipụta onwe n'ụdị absorption ma ọ bụ ntọhapụ nke okpomọkụ. N'oge chemical mmeghachi omume nke molekul precursors - reagents kewaa atọm nke na-ahụ na-enwetara site na ngwaahịa nke chemical mmeghachi omume. Atọm onwe ha anọgide na-agbanweghi agbanwe.

The mmeghachi omume nwere ike-adịgide adịgide maka ọtụtụ narị afọ, ma nwere ike ime ngwa ngwa. Ke imewe nke chemical ngwaahịa mkpa ịma ọnụego nke omume nke a akpan akpan chemical mmeghachi omume, absorption ma ọ bụ hapụ ya na-aga na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke dị mkpa nsogbu, ego nke reactants na akpali. Akpali - obere arọ umi, adịghị isonye na chemical mmeghachi omume ma budata emetụta ya ọsọ.

Olee otú dee ihe chemical akụkụ

Ịmara iwu nche-kwa nke uka bekee (ọgwụ), ọ bụ ike ịghọta otú ka chemical arụmarụ.

1. Anyị kwesịrị ịmata usoro nke reactants ịbanye a chemical mmeghachi omume, na usoro ngwaahịa nwetara ya N'ihi.
2. Ekpe dere usoro reagents, n'etiti nke a na-etinye na "+" na nri - usoro dapụtara ngwaahịa na ihe ịrịba ama "+" therebetween. Na formulas nke reactants na n'ihi ngwaahịa na-etinye ihe ịrịba ama "=" ma ọ bụ akụ.
3. The ọnụ ọgụgụ nke atọm nke niile mmiri nke reactants ga tụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ngwaahịa atọm. Ya mere, ọnụọgụ na-gbakọọ, nke na-etinye n'ihu formulas.
4. Adịghị akpali ndị formulas si n'aka ekpe nke akụkụ aka nri ma ọ bụ megharia ha.

The uru nke iwu

The iwu nke umu ihe nche nke uka bekee (ọgwụ) mere ka o kwe ịzụlite ihe na-akpali isiokwu dị ka a sayensị. Chọpụta ihe mere.

• Oké mkpa nke iwu nke umu ihe nche nke uka na chemical bekee na ndabere nke ya chemical ka mgbawa maka ụlọ ọrụ. Ka e were ya na ị chọrọ inwe a 9 n'arọ nke ọla kọpa sulfide. Anyị maara na ọla kọpa na sọlfọ mmeghachi omume na-ewe ke a arọ ruru nke 2: 1. Dị ka iwu a, na chemical mmeghachi omume nke ọla kọpa arọ nke 1 n'arọ na 2 n'arọ nke sọlfọ na-enwetara ọla kọpa sulfide erikpu 3 n'arọ. Dị ka anyị mkpa iji nweta ọla kọpa sulfide arọ nke 9 n'arọ, ie 3 ugboro ọzọ, na reagents mkpa 3 ugboro ọzọ. Nke ahụ bụ 6 n'arọ ọla kọpa na 3 n'arọ nke sọlfọ ahụ.
• Ohere ime ka ezi chemical akụkụ.

ọgwụgwụ

Mgbe na-agụ isiokwu a ekwesịghị inwe ajụjụ banyere ọdịdị zuru oke nke iwu nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ya chọpụtara, na nke, na mberede, aka anyị ma ama compatriot, ọkà mmụta sayensị MV Lomonosov. Nke ọzọ na-egosi otú oké bụ ike otchestvennoy sayensị. Ọ na-ahụ bịara doo anya pụtara nke chọpụtara nke iwu a na ihe ọ pụtara. Na ndị na-amaghị otú dee chemical arụmarụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, mgbe na-agụ isiokwu, na-amụta na ọ bụ na-echeta otú e si eme ya.