Ịkpa aṅụ ụlọ ọrụ - na ọ dị mkpa? Ngwongwo ịkpa aṅụ. ịkpa aṅụ ọmụmụ

Creation na 1814 Russian beekeeper P. I. Prokopovichem etiti akwuru anu ka o kwe omume ngwa na na omume nke ò anu njide ụzọ. Esonụ si akpa ọkara narị afọ nke 19, ndị mepụtara nke wuru honeycombs (I. Mehring, Germany) na extractor (F. Hruska, Czech Republic) meghere ụzọ maka ulo oru ịkpa aṅụ.

A nkenke akụkọ ihe mere eme

Na ọzọ na narị afọ, eku akwuru anu akpatre chụpụrụ osisi, na oche na akwu igbe. Promotion nke elu ụzọ na usoro aka na onye pụtara ìhè mmiri ọgwụ AM Butlerov, na-akpa aṅụ-enthusiasts I. E. Shavrov, S. K. Krasnoperov.

Na Russia, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ịkpa aṅụ pụta dị ka otu nọọrọ onwe ha, alaka ụlọ ọrụ ugbo ekele mgbalị nke a nkà nhazi, nta akụkọ na educator Abraham Evlampievich Titova - nchoputa na ogologo okwu nchịkọta akụkọ nke "ịkpa aṅụ azụmahịa." Mmụọ nsọ site odide na atụ nke America si eduga pchelopromyshlennika Amos Root, na 1911 n'ime obodo Borshchagovka Kiev ógbè Titov tọrọ ntọala mbụ alaeze na apiary-ọta akara. Tupu October mgbanwe e nwere ihe dị 200 nke ịkpa aṅụ mkpakọrịta, e nwere 15 pụrụ iche na periodicals.

The eto eto Soviet Republic Abram Evlampievich iso nnyocha na mmepụta eme ka isi nke Izmailovo ibuo apiary. Dị ka oru ngo na 1929 na Far East, mbụ ịkpa aṅụ ugbo e kere. Ụdi afọ, ụlọ ọrụ ndị malitere ọrụ ha na Central Asia, Kabardino-Balkaria, na Kuban.

ugbu a ala

Ọ bụghị ụzọ kasị mma na-emetụta ndị ụlọ ọrụ ida nke Soviet Union. Giant nke ala ugbo na ulo oru ụlọ ọrụ e tutu amama. Ịkpa aṅụ ụlọ ọrụ na Russia na o siri ike naghachi furu efu n'ala, ma ndị dị ike na-n'ụzọ zuru ezu arụmọrụ mgbe ọ gaghị ekwe omume na-ekwu.

Mkpa melite iwu nchebe na e kere eke nke a nnukwu-ọnụ ọgụgụ ndutịm iwu. E nwere ụkọ nke ukwuu ruru eru pesonel maka ịkpa aṅụ, irè na oké ọchịchọ oru onye nwere ike iku ume ndụ ọhụrụ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ.

Na mkpa nke buu ọhụrụ nke ihe onwunwe na teknuzu isi. Ọrụ apiary ga-ekwe omume ígwè na akpaghị aka, na-emekwa a nti mmetụta na-amụba mmepụta mpịakọta na mpi Russian anu ngwaahịa na ụwa ahịa. The obodo nwere ikike na ego ha na inapu ụlọ ọrụ Refeyim: US, Australia, Canada.

Size ihe?

Naanị ma ọ bụrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche site na-amu amu azụmahịa ịkpa aṅụ? Ma ọ bụla mmepụta, ya ebumnobi bụ isi a kacha mmepụta nke ibu chọrọ quality (mmanụ aṅụ na yiri ngwaahịa) na kacha nta ihe onwunwe na oge-akwụ ụgwọ. The kasị mkpa ime profitability na ibu - iche iche na ịta.

Ịta egosi anu ugbo ndọtị na kacha akụkụ. Bara Uru ugbo ga-ebu a kacha nta nke 500 anu chịrị.

Iche iche na-akọwa site na ihu igwe na mpaghara:

• N'ebe ndịda na mpaghara nke mba - razvedencheskoe direction (nnyefe ngwugwu aṅụ, Queens).
• Far East, Urals District - mmanụ aṅụ (mmanụ aṅụ, wax).
• Far North - pollination (pollinating ubi na greenhouses okụre), na ndị ọzọ.

Ke adianade do, n'akụkụ nile nke usoro yinye (ihe onwunwe na ngwá, akụkụ, ụzọ na usoro) na-doro isiike Standardization na ịdị n'otu. N'ọtụtụ ụzọ, ịga nke ọma nke ume na-adabere na nke ọma aṅụ ụdị ma na-arụpụta ozuzu. Relations "nwoke - a anu" n'ụzọ zuru ezu chere, ọ dịghị ụlọ maka "lyrics" - na a azụmahịa na akaụntụ.

ịkpa aṅụ development mpaghara

Site n'ọmụmụ ihe na-ekpebi ihe ndị pụrụ olu nke na mmanụ aṅụ akụ ebe, ya accessibility, na ezi oke nke ebe nke iche iche nke aku na uba na-adabere na ya profitability na-aga nke ọma development.

The oké ọhịa nke Tatarstan, Bashkortostan na Primorsky Territory bụ isi mmanụ aṅụ na osisi dị iche iche iche iche nke limes. Na kasị mma afọ medosbor nwere ike iru ruo 20 n'arọ kwa ezinụlọ. Na mbuaha ọhịa na ahịhịa grasses European Russia akwuru anu ike inye 3 n'arọ nke mmanụ aṅụ kwa ụbọchị na ndịda ebe ubi buckwheat, attar omenala - 6 n'arọ. Nri isi ebe ga-hụ bụghị naanị na mmanụ aṅụ collection, ma oge nke ufiop mmepe na nkwalite nke ezinụlọ ike.

Naanị mmanụ aṅụ ego na-adịghị ekwe ịzụlite ịkpa aṅụ na ihe ulo oru n'ike. Gịnị kwesịrị ịgbanwe na àgwà na omume?

ulo oru ịkpa aṅụ technology

The ojiji nke elu usoro nke ozuzu aṅụ ekwe omume nanị na nnukwu apiaries (500 ezinụlọ), ebe eji ígwè ọrụ ga-eme ka anya na-arụpụta. The ọzọ dị ike dum Ọdịdị nke ugbo apiary ekewa aku nkeji (500-600 aṅụ) na nke ọ bụla ofu na a ruru eru nnyemaaka, igbunye ndị dị mkpa ihe na ngwaọrụ (beekeeper uwe, a na-ese siga, a chizul, etc ..). Mgbe oyi na-ọcha flyby nke aṅụ rụrụ na ndabere nke bụ isi nhazi unit na-ebu banyere on a spring-iri-ngo (ọ dịghị ihe karịrị 100 aṅụ kwa ebe). On Central ala na ụlọ nwere ike na-ịrụzi unit (2-3 mmadụ), na-eje ozi na mma gụnyere achụ nta na ngwá maka ịkpa aṅụ.

N'ihi na ihe niile nke apiary bụ otu otu n'usoro nlekọta na a belatara ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ule n'oge oge. Sri ịkpa aṅụ ọkachamara ịrụ ndị na-esonụ nke kacha nta na-arụ ọrụ (na mberede kwekọọ ike ezinụlọ na-enye otu ụdị):

• Spring nnyocha ma udia aṅụ
• guzobere obibì
• mwube ụlọ ahịa ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ ụlọ,
• nhọrọ nke marketable mmanụ aṅụ, bee ohere mpere,
• nkwadebe maka oyi.

Ka ịtọọ oge enyocha naanị 10-20 anu chịrị apiary, gaa na akaụntụ-àmà nke akara ekwo Ekwo. Ịhọrọ mmadụ hiwere aṅụ na-ahọrọ na-erughị roylivoy ukwuu na-arụpụta na kasị na-emegharị ka obodo ọnọdụ.

N'oge oge, ga-ahazi dịkarịa ala 3-4 njem apiary ka okooko melliferous ala ntọt profitability.

Ihe onwunwe na teknuzu isi

N'ihi Central ugbo họrọ mpaghara na akụrụngwa, na ezi ohere ụzọ. Farm ụlọ (isi mmepụta ebe, sotohranilische, winterer) ga-enịm ke ele mfe ọrụ, onwem na ụgbọ ala ramp na eweli ngwaọrụ. Ike nke Automobile na traktọ Park kwesịrị inye ụlọ ọrụ mkpa ugbo iga.

Mgbe onwem na apiary na-elekwasị anya na oke nke aṅụ. Ha aghaghị inwe ọkọlọtọ akụkụ na kennyeghari ọcha (ụlọ, ụlọ ahịa, osisi maka ụlọ aṅụ). The mkpa maka ike na fechaa imewe nwere ike idi ugboro ugboro njikwa manipulations n'oge njikwa na migrations.

Na nri quantities zụrụ ịkpa aṅụ akụrụngwa, ngwá maka ígwè pumping mmanụ aṅụ, voskopererabatyvayuschee akụrụngwa (presses, centrifuges, uzuoku generators). The nzukọ nke ịkwa nkà shop ezi igwe na ọkachamara ngwa ngwa laghachi na ulo oru mbo.

N'ụzọ dị mwute, ọtụtụ ndị na ngwaahịa ịkpa aṅụ, ọkọnọ na ahịa taa bụ gharazie ịba uru. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị injinịa ụlọ ọrụ na-ekpe ka remodel na kwalite ẹdude akụrụngwa. Ka ihe atụ, maka nkwadebe nke mmanụ aṅụ na-sugar pụta eji ulo oru ana-agwọ igwe ịkwadebe sirop - gbanwetụrụ pyatidesyatiramochnaya extractor, wdg ...

ọrụ nzukọ

On nnukwu ịkpa aṅụ enterprise agbasawo sectional usoro na nke ọ bụla nke apiary, nwere si 500 na 1000 ezinụlọ, mkpara ndị ọrụ 2-6 ndị mmadụ na-nwetara. More ọkà na ahụmahụ ọkachamara họpụtara otu onye ndú na onye bụ ego eme. Na ịga nke ọma nke na-eme abụọ ụdị ọrụ:

• ọrụ imekọ ihe ọnụ. Mgbe arụ nnukwu-ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ (njem apiary, mmanụ aṅụ pumping) maka arụmọrụ na àgwà arụmọrụ nkeji ikpokọta mgbalị.
• Nkewa nke oru. Onye ọ bụla na-arụ ọrụ ka automatism eburu igosi ihe ọ bụla usoro (e.g., ịme waksị nke siri ike osisi) - site na a ndiduọ lekwasịrị anya. Ka iwelie mma arụmọrụ, onye ọ bụla njikọ na-ịtọ ụfọdụ iwu ndị siri ike ajụjụ nke mmepụta, consumables na akụrụngwa. Advantageously eme na ijikọta Ọrụ na ọrụ (beekeeper ọkwọ ụgbọala traktọ; beekeeper - joiner, wdg).

Ịkpa aṅụ ụlọ ọrụ bụ jọgburu enweghị mgbe nile ọzụzụ na mmughari nke pesonel. Production ọmụmụ - kasị mfe inweta ụdị okè. Ha na-enwe n'oge oyi agadi anụmanụ ẹkesikpede management na aka nke ndị nkụzi si pụrụ iche n'ụlọ akwụkwọ.

Na etiti recruited a ìgwè ụmụ akwụkwọ na ịkpa aṅụ N'ezie (n'ọnụ klas na omume) for Agricultural Academy. Timiryazev Academy nke Biotechnology. Scriabin (Moscow) na Perm pedagogical University Pskov ndia College.

Ụdị nke ngwaahịa na ahịa mbipụta

The results nke ụlọ ọrụ na-egosi na na mgbakwunye na-mmepụta, e nwere ọtụtụ nsogbu akụ na ụba.

N'ime 80% nke ugbo na-enweta ego si na ire marketable mmanụ aṅụ, banyere ọgwụ Njirimara a mara kemgbe oge ochie. Wax ina ka a akụrụngwa na Metallurgical, agba na-ebi akwụkwọ ụlọ ọrụ, ma ọdụm òkè nke ngwaahịa (70%) na-laghachiri ụlọ ọrụ na ụdị nke wuru honeycombs.

Ịrịba Ama mee nke ụlọ ọrụ profitability ụgha na mmepe nke teknụzụ maka nchekwa na nhazi nke propolis, pollen, anu elò na pollen, eze jelii na homogenate drone larvae na na-eji ihe ntecha na pharmaceuticals.

Ke adianade do, ụlọ ọrụ razvedencheskogo ntụziaka ibu eme na aṅụ ha - aka 50% nke uru aku na uba nke Southern Russia si ire Queens na nchịkọta.

Ndị mba ọzọ ga-enyere anyị aka?

Maka mba ọzọ azụmahịa ịkpa aṅụ e ji elu arụpụtaghị na intensification nke mmepụta. Legal na logistical ọnọdụ dị mma maka ojiji na mma nke ọkọlọtọ iche nke technology na akụrụngwa, na, dị ka a N'ihi - dum echesinụ nnabata ya na mba ụkpụrụ nke ngwaahịa. Ịkpa aṅụ ụlọ ọrụ na ọtụtụ mba na-anata enyem si siri ike ala, na-arụ zuru support. Ka ihe atụ, US gọọmenti kwuru tariffs on dị mmanụ aṅụ (n'ihi na China na 180%, Argentina - ruo 60%). US Importers iwepu ego mmanụ aṅụ (ruo $ 300 nde kwa afọ) na-ekenyela akwado anụ ụlọ na-emepụta.

Maka Russian emepụta ga-bara uru ahụmahụ Canadian ogbo. Performance anu chịrị na mba n'elu ụwa nkezi arụpụta ihe karịa ugboro abụọ.

Itinye oké mkpa ka mma na mmụba nke iche iche nke ụlọ ọrụ na-amị ngwaahịa maka ịkpa aṅụ. Na ahịa akpaka cell akara ebi akwụkwọ na pumping mmanụ aṅụ centrifuges na tankị, ngwá maka nyochasịrị àgwà nke mmanụ aṅụ. -Amasị anya ọbụna na-abaghị uru: uwe beekeeper "Sheriff" nke Danish ụlọ ọrụ "Svente" a elu ogo nke nchebe, nkasi obi, anwụ ngwa ngwa.

Atụmanya nke development. Innovation na ịkpa aṅụ

Mpi na Western ogbo nwere ike ime ka mmepe nke ọrụ nke Ryazan Agricultural University na ubi nke ígwè ọrụ na ụzọ ọhụrụ nke nhazi ngwaahịa ịkpa aṅụ ụlọ ọrụ, gụnyere:

• technology na ngwá maka mmịpụta na ihicha beebread,
• mgbagwoju ihicha na ịpị nke propolis,
• Food technology na udia pasty wax shei.

Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na ngwá na-ama na-agba ọsọ na mmepụta. Technology ifịk ifịk inyocha anu ugbo.

Good atụmanya ejikọrọ na ojiji nke keakamere plastic ụgbụgbọ mmanụ aṅụ, ọhụrụ aṅụ (site na gbasaa polystyrene na ụfọdụ akara ule ụfụfụ), na ojiji nke Onyonyo film ntọt ike nke anu chịrị.

The revolutionary ngwaahịa collection technology ke ẹkenam ke Australian na-akpa aṅụ. Na obi nke na ọ na - a kpam kpam ọhụrụ imewe nke etiti nke anu aṅụ na "home". Mgbe ejuputa n'ụgbụgbọ mmanụ aṅụ na mmanụ aṅụ ga-emeghe tap, na ngwaahịa naanị aga n'ime gbatịrị ike nke a akwuru anu.

Ọ na-enye ọtụtụ nke echiche na usoro, mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ fọrọ nke nta uche na-adịghị. Olee nke bụ nke ha ga-agbanye mgbọrọgwụ na ga-erite uru na-akpa aṅụ na ịkpa aṅụ, naanị oge ga-agwa.