Mwube nke "Grad": àgwà, na-akwụ ụgwọ na emebi okirikiri. Olee otú usoro volley ọku "Grad"

Ugbu a, ndị na utu aha nke isiokwu na telivishọn akụkọ na ikwu na esemokwu, n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Ukraine, i nwere ike ịnụ aha ndị dị otú ahụ na ngwá agha dị ka echichi nke "Grad". Atụmatụ multiple rọketi launchers mmasị. Nso agha ụgbọ elu 20 km enye iri anọ neatly ọkụ akpa emi odude ke ukot nke "Ural-375" ihe niile na-wheel mbanye ụgbọala. Ka ụbọchị, a mobile usoro bụ na ọrụ na ihe karịrị mba 50. Ma ebe ọ bụ na 1963, ọ bụ na ihe arụmọrụ ọrụ ke Soviet, na ugbu a idu ke Russian agha.

ya mere eme

Echiche nke na-emepe emepe a set nke multiple rọketi launchers na a nso nke karịa 20 km site Soviet injinia na-ewe ya si malite site n'etiti afọ 50s nke narị afọ gara aga. Military nrụnye "Grad" e mepụtara iji dochie BM-14 usoro. The echiche bụ na, na a ụgbọala Chassis na ike mfe imeri ike teren, awụgharị ebe ihe ogbunigwe ibe, juru na Tammy.

Na 1957, isi rọketi na ogbunigwe akara (Grau) nyere okwu nke akwụkwọ Sverdlovsk imewe Bureau ịzụlite a ọgụ igwe. Ọ dị mkpa na-chepụta a igwe na ike ịba 30 na-eduzi miri reactive projectiles. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ a na-enweta site ẹkụre rọketi - e kere eke nke curved cylindrical elu nke ịkpakọba ọdụ stabilizers.

projectile Mmepụta họrọ RI-147, nke chọrọ a technology nke n'ichepụta ụlọ dị ka na-ekpo ọkụ ịbịaru usoro. N'okpuru patronage AN Ganicheva na na nkwado nke State Committee maka Defense Technology ọrụ malitere na ihe e kere eke nke a agha. Development warhead projectile gwara GSKB-47, na propellant ụgwọ engine - NII-6. NII-147 e mere shei na mbuaha stabilization: ọdụ na adiana.

ule

Na 1960 ọ mụụrụ ọku ule nke ugboelu engines shells. Dị ka akụkụ nke osisi rụrụ 53 81 apa ọkụ - dị ka ule na steeti larịị.

The mbụ ubi ule e ekenịmde ke March 1962 na Leningrad. Grau ka ekenyela 2 ọgụ ugbo ala na narị ise Tammy. The zubere ọsọ nke 10 000 km n'okpuru ule igwe enweghị mmebi gafere naanị 3380 km. Mebiri tutu amama site na ịba ụba n'azụ Chassis axle. Nke a na ụba kwụsie ike nke igwe mgbe agbapụ.

Mgbe liquidation nke imewe-adịghị emezi emezi nke Council nke Ozi ẹkenịmde ke ọrụ na ọrụ ke 1963 echichi "Grad", ndị e ji mara nke n'otu afọ na-gosiri N. S. Hruschevu.

Oghere Usoro mmepụta nke BM-21 na oru na January n'afọ ọzọ. Ọzọkwa na 1964, na November agha Nme gosiri ndị nke mbụ echichi. Ebe ọ bụ na 1971, mbupụ nke rọketi launchers, na ya olu bụ 124 ụgbọala, ma site na 1995 ọnụ ọgụgụ nke "Grad", rere 50 mba gburugburu ụwa, e nwere ihe karịrị puku abụọ.

imewe

Unique ọgụ oru e ji mara "Grad" a rụzuworo na-efu nke ewu nke mgbagwoju, nke na-agụnye:

• obubata;
• Freight loading ụgbọala na ndabere nke ZIL-131;
• ọku akara usoro.

Mere unguided projectiles (dayameta 122 mm) na-kwajuru n'ime ihe ogbunigwe ibe, nke na-anọchi anya ndị na-eduzi 40, ọ bụla 3 mita na a ibughari isi. Nduzi nwere ike rụrụ ke kwụ na vetikal ụgbọelu site na actuator ma ọ bụ aka. The iche iche nke akụkụ na kwụ firing - 102 ^na ekpe nke ụgbọala ⁷⁰ na nri; na vetikal - si 0 ⁵⁵ Celsius.

Gbọmgbọm ọwa na-onwem na a ịghasa uzo, nke, mgbe mmasị ikpeazụ ọpụpụ projectile adiana.

The ọsọ nke ije nke igwe - 75 km / h, na ikekwe na-akpụ akpụ na ebubo shells. Vehicle nkwusioru nwere shutdown usoro nke eliminates ojiji nke jacks akwado agha. Mgbe volley ike ozugbo ahapụ ọnọdụ, ka ọ ghara ina kụrụ a retaliatory iku. Ukpụhọde nke firing a rụrụ n'ime iche iche igwe akara, akụkụ nke batrị.

Ebe enyocha imewe nke ugboelu ọgụ ụgbọala, ị pụrụ ịhụ otú osisi "Grad".

Kpọmkwem nduzi ngwá agha ihe na-enweta site n'iru sighting ngwaọrụ: Gburugburu ebe Hertz n'ibu reticle na a collimator K-1, nke enwekwu ogo mmebi ke ọnọdụ nke ogbenye nọchiri ihu.

The mbụ shei

Projectile n'echeghị echiche ụdị ọrụ rụrụ ogbunigwe salvo, ọ bụ 3 akụkụ: Battle, engine na stabilizer. Warhead - ya onwe ya a shei na fuuz na bursting ụgwọ. Jet engine na-emi esịnede nke nozulu ulo, na mgbanye powder ụgwọ. N'ihi na mgbanye nke ihe igniter, nke ga-rụọ ọrụ propellant ụgwọ, ma ọ bụ n'ọrụ Pyrocartridges elektrozalpy. Gbagburu mechiri emechi electric circuit, na cutter si incandescent ọkụ igniter.

Agha 9M22 mbụ munitions na chụọ n'ọrụ multiple rọketi launchers "Grad". projectile e ji mara:

• pịnye: elu-agbawa agbawa;
• ogologo - 2,87 m;
• ibu - 66 n'arọ;
• kacha nso - 20,4 km, kacha nta - 1.6 km;
• ụgbọ elu ọsọ - 715 m / s;
• warhead ibu - 18,4 n'arọ, nke-atọ akụkụ - mgbawa.

A revolutionary nchọpụta Alexander Ganicheva ọhụrụ. Ọ chọrọ a usoro nke n'ichepụta a projectile, nke gụnyere na wepụ nke aru nke ígwè efere, ọ bụghị na a dị mfe sectional ígwè cylinder dị ka tupu. Ọzọ nweta nke Chief Designer nke NII-147 bụ ihe e kere eke nke a olu akwa, ịchịkwa projectile ọdụ stabilizers ma na-enye ohere na-enịm ke roket akụkụ.

9M22 shei ọnọ na ụta ujo fuuz MRI na MRI-U, nke nwere ike ịtọ ka 3 nzọụkwụ: ozugbo, obere na nnukwu deceleration. Na mmeri nke zaa na obere anya maka izi ezi nke na-eji breeki yiri mgbaaka, ndị size nke na-ahọrọ ihe ra nrata nye anya.

Development nke agba 9M22 mma teknuzu e ji mara "Grad". Mebiri manpower na zuru ibu "Castle" na-etinyere na ebe 1.050 m ^2, na a gbara akpụkpọ Usoro - na 840 m ^2.

Serial mmepụta nke agba malitere na 1964 na ígwè foundry "Stamp".

Ime ọgụ ike

Na mmepe nke mbụ agha-ebibi ma na-ebelata agha bụ ndị iro bu n'obi echichi "Grad", àgwà (mmebi okirikiri) mgbe nile na-akakwa mma. Ka ihe atụ, ndị na-esonụ ụdị nke shells na e kere:

• Mma elu-agbawa agbawa mgbọ ụdị 9M22U, 9M28F, 9M521;
• O-chemical ụdị - 9M23 yiri na ụgbọ elu na nkọwa M22S;
• incendiary - 9M22S;
• anwụrụ ọkụ na-emepụta - 9M43, iri ndị a munitions bụ ike nke na-eke a smokescreen karịrị otu ebe nke 50 hectare;
• si mgbochi m mgbochi - 9M28K, 3M16;
• RFI - 9M519;
• na-egbu egbu ọgwụ - 9M23.

Mba ndị ọzọ na-emepụta mgbagwoju ikike ma ọ bụ iwu na-akwadoghị, dị ka dynamically-emepe emepe ọhụrụ iche nke shells.

ọku akara

The ọkụ akara usoro-enye gị ohere ka gbaa na-eloda naanị. Pyrotechnic fuuz rọketi engine na-ewepụtara na usu generator, nke nwere ike ejikwara na tagzi 21 site a BM-nkesa igbe ma ọ bụ site na a mobile remote nsannsan 50 m.

The okirikiri oge nke volley full 20 sekọnd ka atọrọ ka "Grad". Atụmatụ metụtara okpomọkụ, ndị na-esonụ: Iweputa ọrụ na-ekwe nkwa na okpomọkụ si -40 ° C na +50 Celsius C.

The Group ejisie echichi mejupụtara a ọchịagha, na 5 na-enyere aka: onye agha; Fuuz installer; Radiotelephone / Loader; alụ ọgụ ụgbọala ọkwọ ụgbọala / Loader na onye na-akwọ nke iga ụgbọ ala / Loader.

Transport ụgbọala e mere na-ebu shells on board ofu anyịnya shelves.

modernization

Nka na ụzụ na-enwe ọganihu na-achọ mgbe nile na-arụ ọrụ na modernization nke ngwá agha. Ma ọ bụghị ya, ọbụna ndị kasị dị ike na ọnọdụ na ahịa nwere ike furu efu.

Rọketi launchers "Grad" na 1986 a mma. Model BM-21-1 e wepụtara. Ugbu a na-alụ ọgụ ụgbọala isi dị na Chassis nke "Ural". Ngwugwu ndu akpa na-echebe megide anyanwụ ikpughe okpomọkụ ọta. Ọzọkwa, e nwere ohere nke ngwa ngwa firing.

Na ndabere nke ụgbọ ala GAZ-66B site na mbenata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị na-amị akụ shells ruo 12 fechaa echichi e kere airborne agha - BM-21 V.

Na ndabere nke BM-21-1 ke akpa 2000s. Anyị mere na-arụ ọrụ maka ntọhapụ nke ihe akpaghị aka ọgụ ụgbọala - 2B17-1. The uru nke mma echichi - na-enweghị na-agba a na-eduzi nlegharị anya na mmepụta ngụkọta oge. Nke ahụ bụ definition nke onye iro ahazi mkpọrọgwụ igodo usoro.

Ọgụ ụgbọala "dam" (BM-21PD) bu n'obi merie submarines iji hụ na nchebe nke Maritime ókè. The usoro nwere ike na-arụ ọrụ na njikọ na sonar ma ọ bụ onwe ha.

The mgbagwoju "Prima", kere na 80s, nwere 50 nduzi, ma n'ihi enweghị ego e isiokwu gụkwuo mmepụta.

Agbala MLRS "Grad" na Czechoslovakia, Belarus na Italy. Ukrainian version nke BM-21 enịm na Krae Chassis. Belarus "Grad-1a 'ike ịba n'out oge abụọ mgbọ kama otu. The Italian usoro rọketi obubata (abbreviated FIROS) bụ dị iche iche na na shells na-onwem na dị iche iche ugboelu engines, na-eme ahaghị anya égbè.

agha ajụjụ

Na ọgwụgwụ nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ogwe aka agbụrụ na-aga n'ihu ifịk ifịk. All na nkà mmụta sayensị rụzuru e iji na rụọ ọrụ ndị agha mmepụta. Ahịa agha ngwaahịa malitere ito ọzọ ngwa ngwa karịa n'oge agha.

Price nke oge a na ngwá agha dịkwa nnọọ elu. Otu projectile rọketi obubata "Grad" uru 600-1000 dollar. Mgbe n'ịkpa a ọgụ igwe (1963), na-eri nke agha yiri nke price nke abụọ ụgbọala "Volga". Na uka mmepụta nke akụ ụta na-eri bụ nanị abụọ ụgwọ ọnwa engineer - 250 rubles (ọmụma si film "Shock Force").

The na-eri nke wụnye "Grad" - ọ bụ a azụmahịa nzuzo. Na-eme atụmatụ otu British magazine, na price na-eso ụzọ "Castle" - "na naa" - bụ $ 1.8 nde (ozi-e si magazine "Phaeton", nke nọmba 8, January 1996, page 117.).

Dị ka Ome wụnye "Grad"?

agbapụ ụkpụrụ nke BM-21 bụ yiri ka usoro nke eji ama "Katyusha" na dabeere na a usoro nke salvo firing. Na 40s projectiles egbe ala ogbunigwe bụ mgbe karịrị otu agha, nke kọrọ nkenke na uka. Engineers ndị ike neutralize a mwepu na eji a agha na igba egbe ọtụtụ Kporo.

N'ihi na ọrụ ụkpụrụ nke echichi nke volley "Grad" ke edinam - a ngwá agha nwere ike ime 30 hectare iro n'ókèala, a kọlụm nke na ngwá agha, na-amalite ọnọdụ nke rọketi, ngwa agha batrị, ọkọnọ nkeji. A shei chụọ n'ọrụ a ọgụ igwe, na-egbu ihe niile dị ndụ n'ime a dịpụrụ adịpụ ruo nke 100 mita.

First na MRL ụwa na ike see lekwasịrị na anya, - mwube nke "Grad". Àgwà, na okirikiri nke mbibi ọgụ ụgbọala Soviet injinịa mma dị ka ogologo oge n'ihi na ọ dịghị nwere kacha ndiiche nke projectile si lekwasịrị nke 30 mita. Foreign emepụta chere na nke a ziri ezi nwere ike nweta n'ebe dị anya nke ọ bụla karịrị 10 kilomita. Otú ọ dị, ihe e kere eke nke USSR na-abia iro a anya nke 40 km na-amị 720 shells na 20 sekọnd, nke bụ Ẹkot 2 tọn explosives.

agha ngwa

The mbụ ule na omume mgbagwoju "Grad" Ẹkenịm ke 1969, mgbe ndị agha dị n'etiti China na USSR. Na-agbalị imebi ndị iro na kụtuo ya agha na ndị Sino-Soviet tankị okpu, Ọzọkwa, ihe Chinese were a padded T-62, nke bụ na nzuzo ụkpụrụ. Ya mere, na N'ezie wee na-agbawa agbawa shells si osisi "Grad", nke bibiri onye iro ma si otú na-akwụsị ndị esemokwu.

Na afọ 1975-1976. alụ ọgụ ụgbọala e ji mee Angola. Operations gburugburu ebe obibi na a ogu bụghị e oge kegide ọgụ n'etiti ogidi eru kwupụta. Ya mere akụkụ a nke "Castle" ke eziokwu na na okuku na saịtị nke projectile kpụrụ "nwụrụ anwụ ellipse", otú a kọlụm nke agha, nke bụ ogologo akara ke ọgụ na Angola aghọwo ihe ezigbo iche.

Na Afghanistan, anyị nọ na-agbapụ si "Castle" kpọmkwem ọkụ. The Chechen agha a na-ifịk ifịk na-eji agha ụgbọala.

"Grad" nke oge anyị - bụ banyere 2500 nkeji, na mgwo agha ndị agha nke Russian Federation. Ọgụ ugbo ala na-exported 70 mba ebe ọ bụ 1970. Anyị na-adịghị hụrụ BM-21 na ọgụ egbe gburugburu ụwa: na Nagorno-Karabakh, South Osisha, Somalia, Syria, Libya na-adịbeghị anya mmalite nke mmegide nọ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ukraine.

Kenkwucha oru na e ji mara na nwụnye "Grad"

Ike na afọ nke usoro na-nyere maka BM-21.

• Chassis - Ural-375.
• Engine Power - 180 l. a.
• Akụkụ, m:
  - obosara - 2.4;
  - Ogologo - 7,35;
  - kacha elu - 4,35.
• Arọ, tọn:
  - na shells - 13.7;
  - uncharged BM - 10,9.
• The ọsọ kacha nke ije, km / h - 75.
• Mgbọ, iberibe. - 120 Tammy.
• Caliber mm - 122.
• Lesion ebe, ha:
  - usoro 1,75;
  - manpower 2,44.
• Na ogologo nke ndu, m - 3.
• The ọnụ ọgụgụ nke azuokokoosisi nduzi, PC. - 40.
• Full salvo oge, na - 20.
• Firing nso, m:
  - kacha - 20 380;
  - kacha nta - 5000.
• mwube oge na firing ọnọdụ, min. - 3.5.

Taa MLRS emepụta site JSC "MZ". Base guzo ụgbọ ala "Ural-4320". The ọhụrụ samples ẹkenam kwurula topographic ọnọdụ, egosipụta na otu kọmputa map Mbido ebe, ikike tinye data n'ime fuuz.

M chọrọ ikwere na olileanya na echichi nke "Grad" (àgwà, Ọdịdị, mode nke ọrụ) dị mkpa na-akpali mmasị na-eto eto dị ka a gbasirila maka nnyocha, ma ọ bụghị n'ihi na mbibi nke obodo akara aka nke ndị ahụ!