Nso ke mpụta cell akpụkpọ ahụ? Ọdịdị nke elu cell akpụkpọ ahụ

Structural amụ sel nke prokaryotic ntule, nakwa dị ka osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ aka n'ihe ụmụ mmadụ na usoro ndu ngalaba, na-akpọ Cytology. Ọkà mmụta sayensị achọpụtala na ọdịnaya nke cell, ya bụ, wuru nnọọ ike n'ime ya. Ọ gbara a na-akpọ elu unit, esịnede nke elu cell akpụkpọ ahụ, nadmembrannye Ọdịdị na-agụnye: glycocalyx na na cell mgbidi, nakwa dị ka microfilaments, microtubules na pelikula akpụ ya submembrane mgbagwoju.

Ke ibuotikọ emi, anyị na-enyocha Ọdịdị na ọrụ nke elu cell akpụkpọ ahụ, akụkụ nke elu ngwa nke iche iche iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ.

Nso ke mpụta cell akpụkpọ ahụ

Dị ka na mbụ kọwara, na elu akpụkpọ ahụ bụ akụkụ nke elu nke ọ bụla unit cell, nke ọma ekewapụ ya esịtidem ọdịnaya na-echebe cellular organelles si oghom gburugburu ebe obibi na ọnọdụ. Ọzọ ọrụ - bụ ndokwa nke metabolism n'etiti cell ọdịnaya na anụ ahụ ọmụmụ, otú ahụ ka elu cell akpụkpọ ahụ na-enye iga nke ụmụ irighiri na ion abanye n'ime cytoplasm, na-enyere aka wepu toxins na ngafe toxins si cell.

Ọdịdị nke ahụ cell akpụkpọ ahụ

Akpụkpọ ahụ ma ọ bụ plasmalemma nke dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ dị nnọọ iche n'etiti onwe ha. Tumadi, na chemical Ọdịdị, na ikwu ọdịnaya nke lipids, glycoproteins, ndi na-edozi na, mmọdo, ọdịdị nke anabata ndị na-na ha. The elu cell akpụkpọ ahụ Ọdịdị na ọrụ nke na-ekpebisi ike bụ isi mejupụtara nke onye glycoproteins, so na-ude nke stimuli na mpụga na gburugburu ebe obibi na cell Jeremaya mere ka omume ha. Ebe ọ bụ na-edozi na glycolipids cell membranes nwere ike emekọ ụfọdụ nje, nke mere na ha banye n'ime n'ime cell. Herpes nje virus na-influenza nwere ike iji plasmalemma nke usu cell iji rụọ a na-echebe shei.

A nje na nje bacteria, na-akpọ bacteriophages, sel mmasị ka akpụkpọ ahụ na-etisasịwo na kọntaktị ọ na-eji pụrụ iche enzyme. Mgbe ahụ, oghere gbatịrị malitere ịrịa DNA molekul.

Atụmatụ nke Ọdịdị nke plasma akpụkpọ ahụ nke eukaryotic

Cheta na ná mpụta cell akpụkpọ ahụ na-eme ka a iga, ie iga nke bekee n'ime cytoplasm nke cell na mpụga na gburugburu ebe obibi. Na-ebu ndị dị otú ahụ a usoro na-achọ a pụrụ iche Ọdịdị. N'ezie, ndị plasmalemma bụ a mgbe nile, eluigwe na ala niile eukaryotic cell n'elu ngwa usoro. Nke a mkpa (2-10 nm), ma ọ bụ zuru ezu na ok multilayer film na-ekpuchi dum cell. Ya Ọdịdị a mụọ na 1972 site na ọkà mmụta dị ka D. My na G. Nicolson, ha na-kere a na mmiri mmiri-Mozis nlereanya nke cell akpụkpọ ahụ.

Isi chemical ogige na-etolite ya - bụ na-eme ihe n'usoro ndokwa nke ụmụ irighiri nke na-edozi na ụfọdụ phospholipids na-agbakwunyere na lipid mmiri gburugburu ebe obibi na yiri Mozis. N'ihi ya, cell akpụkpọ ahụ na-emi esịnede abụọ n'ígwé nke lipid, na-abụghị pola hydrophobic "ọdụ" nke bụ n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ, na polar hydrophilic isi chere ihu cell cytoplasm na intercellular ọmụmụ.

Lipid oyi akwa jupụtara site nnukwu protein ụmụ irighiri emejupụta ndị hydrophilic pores. Ọ na-ebu therethrough, okenye agbanwe agbanwe nke glucose ma ịnweta salts. Ụfọdụ protein ụmụ irighiri na-hụrụ na elu na ke n'ime elu nke plasma akpụkpọ ahụ. N'ihi ya, na elu cell akpụkpọ ahụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ niile ntule enwe isi carbohydrate ụmụ irighiri na-ejikọrọ na covalent nkekọ na glycolipids na glycoproteins. Carbohydrate ọdịnaya nke cell membranes àmà site 2 na 10%.

Ọdịdị nke plasma akpụkpọ ahụ prokaryotic ntule

The elu cell akpụkpọ ahụ na prokaryotes anamde yiri ọrụ na plasmalemma cell nuclear ntule, ya bụ nghọta na nnyefe nke ozi site na mpụga na gburugburu ebe obibi, iga nke ion na ngwọta n'ime cell na nke, na-echebe site na mba ọzọ cytoplasm externally reagents. Ọ nwere ike na-etolite mesosoma - owuwu ịda n'oge invagination nke plasma akpụkpọ ahụ n'ime cell. Ha nwere ike ịbụ enzymes abuana ke metabolic Jeremaya mere prokaryotes, ihe atụ, na DNA replication, protein njikọ.

Mesosoma ịnwekwa redox enzymes, mgbe photosynthetic bụ bacteriochlorophyll (bacteria) na phycobilins (cyanobacteria).

The ọrụ nke elu akpụkpọ ahụ na cell-cell kọntaktị

N'ịnọgide na-aza ajụjụ, gịnị elu cell akpụkpọ ahụ, ga-elekwasị anya na ya na ọrụ na cell-cell kọntaktị. Na osisi sel na mgbidi nke elu cell akpụkpọ ahụ pores ii na-agafe na pulp oyi akwa. Site na ha pụrụ ịba cell cytoplasm atugharị dị mkpa ọwa na-akpọ plasmodesmata.

Ekele ha, njikọ dị n'etiti ndị agbata obi osisi sel nnọọ ike. Na mmadụ mkpụrụ ndụ na anụmanụ na kọntaktị na saịtị nke n'akụkụ cell membranes na-akpọ desmosomes. Ha bụ ndị e ji amata endothelial na epithelial mkpụrụ ndụ, na-hụrụ na cardiomyocytes.

Inyeaka guzobere plasma akpụkpọ

Iji ghọta ọdịiche dị n'etiti osisi sel n'ebe ụmụ anụmanụ na-enyere ha na-amụ bughi atụmatụ nke plasmalemma, nke na-adabere na ihe na ọrụ na-rụrụ site ná mpụta cell akpụkpọ ahụ. N'elu ya na anụmanụ cell bụ a oyi akwa nke glycocalyx. Ọ mejupụtara polysaccharides ụmụ irighiri metụtara na-edozi na lipids elu cell akpụkpọ ahụ. N'ihi glycocalyx adhesion (n'ịnọgide) emee n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ, na-eduga guzobe nke anụ ahụ, n'ihi ya, so na-eme na-agba ama ọrụ nke plasma akpụkpọ - mpụga gburugburu ebe obibi ude stimuli.

Olee otú ndị n'ezinụlọ iga nke kpọmkwem bekee site na cell akpụkpọ ahụ

Dị ka e mbụ kwuru, ná mpụta cell akpụkpọ ahụ a na-iga nke bekee n'etiti cell na mpụga na gburugburu ebe obibi. E nwere ihe abụọ na ụdị nke iga gafee plasmalemma: n'ezinụlọ (difuzionny) na-arụsi ọrụ ike iga. The mbụ akọ mgbasa, facilitated mgbasa na nwayọọ nwayọọ amịkọrọ. The ije nke bekee tinyere ịta grajentị adabere isi na ibu na size nke ụmụ irighiri agafe cell akpụkpọ ahụ. Ka ihe atụ, obere nonpolar ụmụ irighiri ngwa ngwa soluble na lipid oyi akwa nkezi plasmalemma akpụ akpụ therethrough na-apụta na cytoplasm.

Large ụmụ irighiri nke organic bekee banye n'ime cytoplasm na enyemaka pụrụ iche ụgbọelu na-edozi. Ha nwere umu specificity na ejikọta na urughuru ma ọ bụ ion ume-akwụ ụgwọ na-enweghị nanị bufee site akpụkpọ ahụ site a ịta grajentị (n'ezinụlọ iga). Nke a usoro Nleta ndabere nke plasma akpụkpọ ahụ Njirimara dị ka nhọrọ permeability. Na usoro nke n'ezinụlọ iga adịghị eji ume nke ATP ụmụ irighiri ihe, na cell na-azọpụta ya na ndị ọzọ metabolic Jeremaya mere.

Active iga nke na site na plasmalemma

Ebe ọ bụ na elu cell akpụkpọ ahụ na-enye ohere nyefe nke ion na ụmụ irighiri si na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ime cell na azụ, ọ na-ekwe ka mmepụta dissimilation ngwaahịa ndị toxins, atugharị, i.e. na intercellular ọmụmụ. Active iga emee megide ịta grajentị ma na-achọ na ojiji nke ike na ụdị ATP ụmụ irighiri. Ọ na-agụnyekwa transporter edozi akpọ ATP-isi, na-n'out oge na enzymes.

Ihe Nlereanya nke ndị dị otú ahụ ugbo ala bụ sodium-potassium mgbapụta (sodium ion na-agafere si cytoplasm n'èzí na gburugburu ebe obibi, na potassium ion na-pumped n'ime cytoplasm). Ya ike nke na nsia epithelial mkpụrụ ndụ na akụrụ. Variants nke usoro a na-nyefe usoro nke pinocytosis na phagocytosis. N'ihi ya, na-amụ ihe na ọrụ na-rụrụ site ná mpụta cell akpụkpọ ahụ, ọ nwere ike kpebisie ike na na Filiks nwere ike phagocytosis na pino- heterotrophic protists, nakwa dị ka mkpụrụ ndụ nke elu anụmanụ ntule, e.g., leukocytes.

Bioelectric Filiks ke cell membranes

Ọ na-ike na e nwere a nwere ihe dị iche n'etiti elu elu nke plasma akpụkpọ ahụ (ọ ghaghị ebubo) na parietal oyi akwa nke cytoplasm, na-ezighị ezi ebubo. Ọ a na-akpọ na-ezu ike nwere, na ọ bụ pụta ụwa niile dị ndụ. A akwara anụ ahụ adịghị naanị ezu ike nwere kamakwa bụ ike nke na-eduzi ndị na-adịghị ike biopotentials, nke a na-akpọ excitation usoro. The elu akpụkpọ ahụ nke akwara sel, akwara ozi, na-ewere iyatesịt nke anabata na-amalite ịgbanwe ebubo nke sodium ion n'ime cell massively nri na-aghọ onye na electronegative n'elu plasmalemma. A mgbidi oyi akwa cytoplasm ruru ngafe cations obtains a mma ego. Nke a na-akọwa ihe mere e ji fanye elu cell akpụkpọ ahụ nke a neuron, nke na-akpata conduction nke akwara esi gboo na underlie na excitation usoro.