Rock: ụdị nke nkume. Nkume si malite. Ụdị nkume

N'ihi na ọtụtụ narị afọ, ndị isi ụlọ ihe onwunwe bụ oké nkume guzobere. Ụdị nkume ndị mmadụ họrọ dị ka ha ji mara, anụ ahụ Njirimara, ike, njupụta, amortization na na. D. Ebe aka hazie nkume bụghị otú ahụ dị mfe, n'oge ochie si na ya wuru na ihe ndị kasị mkpa ihe, dị ka obí eze, nzere ụlọ, omenala ncheta. Ọ bụ ndị a eke ihe, wuru kpara Ijipt pyramid, na Great Wall nke China, Aztec pyramid, ndị Taj Mahal na ndị ọzọ a ma ama ụlọ, nke bụ ebube nke ụwa.

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Dị iche iche nkume adịghị random ìgwè minerals, na ha ziri ezi na-akpakọrịta. Mkpebi Siri Ike nke nkume nwere ike chịkọtara dị ka ndị a: ọ bụ a ndammana na-ewere ọnọdụ ịnweta aggregates na a mgbe nile na Ọdịdị na mejupụtara. N'ihi na oge mbụ a okwu e ji mee ihe site Russian mmiri ọgwụ na mineralogist V. M. Severginym na 1798. Dabere na ike, ji achọ, njupụta, porosity, oyi na-eguzogide ma ndị ọzọ e ji mara, na ojiji nke minerals dị iche iche. Ọwọrọ nkume eji na-ewu ọrụ.

Nhazi ọkwa nke nkume

Dabere na usoro nke ha guzobere, niile minerals nwere ike kere atọ nnukwu iche iche. Ọkà mmụta sayensị iche sedimentary, igneous na metamorphic nkume, na a na klas àgwà ụdị ákwà mgbokwasị. Nke a ziri ezi òtù dị iche iche bekee na mineral na-eme ka a ịrịba akụkụ nke jikọrọ ọnụ.

N'ihi na ọtụtụ narị afọ, mgbawa ugwu ndị na-abịakọrọ na-akwakọba, na magma cools na solidifies. N'ihi ya igneous nkume overlying n'elu uwe-nwuda na jikọrọ ọnụ na dị iche iche ogbu.

Iberibe dị iche iche si malite na-etolite a sedimenti ụdị. Ọkachamara site analysis, chọpụta ụdị gburugburu ebe obibi nke ihe ndị na-edebe, karịsịa ha si na ya, ụdị gị n'ụlọnga, transports ha, na na. D.

Metamorphic nkume apụta mgbe na-agbanwe agbanwe igneous na sedimentary ụdị ọkpụrụkpụ nke jikọrọ ọnụ. Na nkume ndị a nwere a pụrụ iche chemical mejupụtara, ma ọ dabeere na nne na nna ịnweta site na nke a kpụrụ ha. All metamorphic Filiks ukwuu n'ime ime na ngiri-afọ-nke ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ.

E na uwe-nwuda nkume ndị mbụ magmatic si malite, ma mgbe ahụ wara ịrịba mgbanwe ákwà mgbokwasị.

Igneous rocks

Researchers iche isi ihe abụọ na ụdị nke magmatism effusive na intrusive. Ha dị iche na ebe solidification nke magma, nakwa dị ka ọdịdị nke ya ije. E wezụga abụọ ndị a, e nwere akwara na hypabyssal magmatic nkume, nke bụ n'etiti ụdị. Ha na-enye dikes na veins, akpụ na cracks nke ọzọ nkume n'oge solidification nke magma.

Intrusive ma ọ bụ plutonic nkume-ata a ogologo usoro nke mmụta, nke nwere ike-adịgide adịgide maka karịa a na narị afọ iri. Ha nwere ike ịnwe kristal nke nnukwu size, dị ka magma cools ala nnọọ nwayọọ nwayọọ na mmiri. Ọ bụ ezie na ibido plutonic nkume nọ nnọọ ogbu nke ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ, ya weathering na ekemende ha na-agbanwe n'ime ugwu. A pụtara ìhè ihe atụ bụ Mount Shpitskoppe na Namibia. Isi minerals nke ụdị ndị konkiri, labradorite, syenite, gabbro.

Igneous nkume nke effusive (mgbawa) ụdị ii n'oge ọkọ nke ugwu mgbawa, nke ahụ bụ mgbe magma abịa elu nke ụwa. Ha adịghị ike nnukwu kristal ruru ka ngwa ngwa jụrụ. A pụtara ìhè ihe atụ nke ụdị nke oké nkume na basalt bụ rhyolite. Of ha n'oge ochie na-ejikarị dị iche iche ọkpụkpụ na ncheta.

sedimentary minerals

Clastic, organogenic na chemogenic - a bụ isi ụdị nke sedimentary nkume. Ha iche iche dabere mode nke si na-guzobere na ụwa elu. Detrital ụdị kpụrụ site simenti na caking nke onye iberibe dị iche iche nkume. A pụtara ìhè ihe atụ nke ndị dị otú ahụ minerals nwere ike ije ozi dị ka sandstones na conglomerates. Na Barcelona, e nwere otu n'usoro nke Montserrat, ebe a na ọ bụ nanị a conglomerate, n'ihi na ọ na mejupụtara bonded ciment na nkume nzu boulders.

Chemogenic nkume ụdị na-guzobere si ịnweta ahụ nke kewapụrụ ịkpali n'ime mmiri. Ọ dabeere na ịnweta mejupụtara nke nkume na-ewe ebe nhazi ọkwa. Ọtụtụ nkịtị bụ onye nnọchiteanya nke akwa nke nkume nzu. Dị ka ihe atụ, Australia nwere a desert pinnacles kpụrụ nanị n'ihi na a ìgwè. Organogenic ụdị dị ka coal, n'ihi na ya onwe ya kwa, na-kpụrụ n'ihi caking nke anụmanụ na osisi na-anọgide. All sediments ji mgbaji ọkpụkpụ, porosity na solubility n'ime mmiri.

metamorphic minerals

Klas nke nkume bụ mgbe ezi aka ike. Site ụdị metamorphic minerals pụrụ ime ma sedimentary na magmatic malite. Ha nwere mgbanwe degrees nke osisi ike nke usoro nke mgbanwe. Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ala, mgbe metamorphism iji chọpụta ndị nne na nna na oké nkume, ma na a elu ogo ka ndị dị otú agaghị ekwe omume. Dị otú ahụ minerals ịgbanwe ha mejupụtara ma udidi. N'ihi nke a, metamorphic nkume na-ekewa n'ime schistose na neslantsevatye, na dabere na ọnọdụ nke guzobere ekewa atọ dị iche iche: mpaghara, hydrothermal na kọntaktị metamorphism.

Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-eme na nnukwu boulders nkume na-gụrụ n'èzí, ka ihe atụ, ala ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ, nrụgide. A praịm atụ nwere ike ije ozi dị ka gneiss. Ndị a bụ ndị minerals nwere ike-atụle mpaghara. Hydrothermal metamorphism emee na thermal iyi. Mineral na-kpọtụụrụ na a ọgaranya ion na-ekpo ọkụ na mmiri mmiri, na-ekpo ọkụ wading site gbawatụrụ agbawa, na a chemical mmeghachi omume nke gbanwere mejupụtara nke nkume. Dị ka ihe atụ, quartzite, mgbe mgbe, kpụrụ nkume nzu. E nwekwara kọntaktị metamorphism. Na nke a, na nkume mee na ya na okpomọkụ ịrị elu intrusive magmatic uka.

Rock e ji mara

E nwere ọtụtụ Njirimara nke minerals, na ha na-niile dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ dịgasị iche. Ọ bụrụ na ha na-eji dị ka a n'ihu ihe onwunwe, na akpa ebe, anya na-adọta ha aesthetic mkpesa. Mgbe ụfọdụ, nkume dị oké mkpa ji achọ, steals ya ịbịaru, na agba. The njupụta nke index na-adabere na ole ji a oké nkume. Ụdị nkume ndị ìhè na arọ. Na mbụ a njupụta - 2200 kg / m ^3, na nke abụọ - karịrị 2,200 n'arọ / m ^3. Ọ bụrụ na nkume a họọrọ maka owuwu nke ụlọ, ebe a dị mkpa ka ị tụlee arọ nke ihe ọ bụ denser, imewe ga-ike. Nke a oke na-adabere na ndị mejupụtara nke nkume porosity.

Otu n'ime ndị kasị mkpa Njirimara nke nkume (karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekwu banyere ndị na-ewu) bụ a ike. Ọ na-emetụta ndị anwụ ngwa ngwa nke ihe onwunwe. The ike na ịnweta, na ogologo ya ga-ejigide mbụ ya anya. Nke a, ihe niile na nkume na-ekewa atọ dị iche iche: ala, ọkara ike na inogide. Ọ niile na-adabere ndị mejupụtara nke nkume, ya bụ na ekweghị ekwe nke mineral. Site inogide nkume gụnyere gabbros, konkiri, quartzite, na-ajụ - na nkume nzu, marble, travertine, nwere ala ike tuffs, omume rụrụ na nkume nzu.

Dị iche iche nke oké nkume nwere mgbanwe degrees nke porosity. Site na nke a mara na-adabere acid na nnu na-eguzogide, mmiri absorption nke nkume. Porosity uche pụrụ iche na a ga-akwụ ụgwọ na ihe omume ahụ na ụfọdụ udiri anumanu ahọrọ dị ka cladding. Nke a na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-akọwa anwụ ngwa ngwa nke ihe onwunwe, ya polishability, anwụ ngwa ngwa, decorativeness, kwes conductivity, machinability na dị ka. D. The elu porosity, ndị na-erughị arọ nke nkume, na ọ na-mma edozi, ma n'otu oge mbenata ya olu, ike, polishability-adị njọ.

mmiri absorption ọnụego ụdị dịkwa nnọọ mkpa. On ọ na-adabere na-ntu oyi, acid na nnu na-eguzogide nke ihe onwunwe. Water tọrọ atọ na pores n'oge oyi na-abawanye na olu na-emepụta a nsogbu, n'ihi na nke nke mechara cracks. The otu ihe na-eme na nnu ngwọta nke na-akwalite uto nke kristal na ike ọzọ nsogbu. Ọ bụrụ na ịnweta porosity bụ ala, mgbe ahụ, ọ cracks, mgbe ụfọdụ ọ pụrụ ọbụna kewaa. The porous nkume nsogbu na-ekesa evenly, na ọ dịghị cracks-apụtaghị ìhè.

The usoro nke mgbanwe nke nkume na-n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na-enwe mmetụta ha acid eguzogide. Asịd nwere ike ịgbanwe na ọbụna ime ụfọdụ mineral. Ya mere, mgbe ị na-ahọrọ a nkume maka owuwu nke ụlọ ga-gaa na akaụntụ ahụ bụ eziokwu. Ka ihe atụ, hydrochloric acid virus a dị oké njọ iyi egwu ahụ marble, dolomite, travertine. Ma nkume nzu na konkiri na-ji magburu onwe iguzogide asịd, ya mere, ka dịkwa ruo taa ọtụtụ iconic aghụghọ nke ndị a ihe.

akakabarede Filiks

Nnukwu boulders, n'oké ugwu na-enye echiche nke ike Refeyim, nke oge enweghị ike na a dịgasị iche iche nke ihe n'èzí. O yiri ka ha na-ejigide mbụ n'ile ihe karịrị narị afọ na ọtụtụ puku afọ, ma ọ bụghị otú ahụ. N'ime oge ahụ, na-ata ọ bụla dị ịrịba mgbanwe nkume. Nhazi ọkwa nke nkume iji chọpụta otú oge minerals na-ejigide mbụ ha, ọdịdị ha, na ọ na-emetụta ha ọtụtụ ezinụlọ.

Mejupụtara nkume dịgasị na a ogologo oge. The mgbanwe nke nkume nwere ike ịbụ nke eke ma ọ bụ mmadụ mere. The ọnọdụ nke nkume na-emetụta ihe ndị dị ka gbazee ma ọ bụ ala mmiri, mmiri ozuzo, na ifufe, anyanwụ, elu na ala okpomọkụ. Mbibi nke nkume site eke ụzọ bụ nnọọ ngwa ngwa, ma ọ ike-akwụsị. Ifufe na mmiri saa ma weathered ka elu n'ígwé na ala Okirikiri. Nke nta nke nta, ha na-agbanwe bụghị naanị na udi ma na-mejupụtara nke mineral.

Anthropogenic usoro metụtara ụmụ mmadụ na-eme. Mbibi nke nkume nwere ike rụrụ na-eji Usoro. Ka ihe atụ, ihe karịrị otu ugboro-ewu crews na-ekpocha ókèala maka owuwu nke ụlọ, na ihicha nke ugwu. N'ezie, nke a ọrụ ebibi eke odida obodo, nwere a ezighị ezi mmetụta na ya. Mebiri emebi nkume-enye a mgbape, n'ihi na nke a ida emee, collapses. A na mmadụ nwere ike ngwa ngwa ịgbanwe mpụtara nke ịnweta ego, kama eke ihe.

N'ihi ya, ihe niile Highlands emecha gbanwee ọdịdị ahụ ha. The ọsọ nke ha mgbanwe bụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu dabere na mpụga na ọnọdụ, ụdị mejupụtara, ike, ogo na oge nke ikpughe. Na akakabarede usoro nwekwara ike ihu igwe ebe, ebe nkume na-emi odude.

The okirikiri nke nkume

The geological Filiks nke igneous, sedimentary, na metamorphic minerals na-ekekọtara na ụfọdụ okirikiri. Ọ na-amalite na eziokwu na magma na-wụsara nwayọọ nwayọọ cools na solidifies, si otú akpụ ihe igneous oké nkume. Ụdị nkume mgbanwe anya-egosi na ụwa elu. Wind, mmiri, okpomọkụ ókè-etolite sedimentary ụdị mineral. Mwute nkume, weathered, enyefere ebe ebe, nkwụsị na sedimentary efere. Ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ iberibe nke oké nkume mezue ha ụzọ, na-aghọ abịakọrọ na ghọọ sedimentary ụdị mineral. N'ime oge ahụ, ugwu na-mikpuru na a ukwuu omimi, gụrụ tectonic Filiks. All a na-eduga ná guzobe metamorphic nkume. Na elu okpomọkụ ma na nsogbu, ike ịnweta gbazee, na-aghọ a magma. N'ime oge ahụ, ọ solidifies etolite igneous nkume, na usoro nke nkume guzobere amalite n'isi.

Petrology na petrography

Na ma ndị micro- na nnukwu-larịị ọmụmụ bụ mineral. Ke akpa idaha ọmụmụ naanị obere ahụ nke ụfọdụ nkume, ha uzo na translucent hụrụ ebipụ. Nke a na-eme ka o kwe omume ka e ji mara na Njirimara nke mineral. Nke abụọ ahụ, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-atụle niile nkume ọnụ, n'ihi na ha na-etolite a akpan akpan mmewere nke jikọrọ ọnụ. Researchers nwere ike ikpebi ihe mere eme, atụmatụ na ndika ụbọchị nke ha guzobere.

Mmalite nke nkume mụọ abụọ ọzụzụ: Petrology na petrography. The mbụ sayensị amụ chemical na mineralogical mejupụtara nke nkume, ọnọdụ nke ha omume, udidi na Ọdịdị. Petrology nwekwara ekpebi geological formations na-eme ka nnukwu nke Ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ. Petrography na-emekwa ụfọdụ na nhazi ọkwa na nkọwa dị iche iche udiri anumanu, ọ bụ ihe akọwa sayensị. Ọ na-amụ onye samples nkume, ha mebere atumatu ma mejupụtara. Petrographers-arụ ọrụ na uzo na translucent Mpekere n'okpuru mikroskopu enyocha Njirimara nke ha mmiri. Ọzọkwa, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere ike na-arụ ọrụ na samples nke nkume nke nnukwu akụkụ.

Chọpụta ọtụtụ etoju nke minerals nnyocha. Na mbụ, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na aka na chikota geological map, mgbe ẹkenịmde ubi, petrographic na geochemical nyocha. Ha niile zuo ezu ọ bụla ọzọ na-ekwe ka ị nweta nkọwa zuru ezu. Field ọmụmụ ekwe ka anyị chọpụta bughi atụmatụ, ọnọdụ nke minerals, iji gosi kpọmkwem etiti oge nke ha na omume. Petrographic ọrụ chọpụta nke nkume adị mbụ, ihe pasent nke minerals nime ya.

Science bụ ihe mgbagwoju petrology. The mkpa pụrụ iche na ndị ọzọ na-omimi nnyocha bụ n'ihi ìgwè a buru ibu ụlọ ahịa nke ihe ọmụma. Site nkume dị iche iche nke minerals, nke-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi sedimentary, igneous na metamorphic ụdị. Ma onye ọ bụla n'ime ha bụ a isiokwu nke akpan akpan alaka nke si na-achị. N'ihi ya, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nke sedimentary minerals nwere mmasị na ụdị na mejupụtara nke nnu, na nkume nzu, sandstone, conglomerate na ndị ọzọ na nkume nke sedimentary malite. Igneous petrology banyere minerals crystallized si wụrụ awụ magma. Science ọmụmụ metamorphic marble, schist, gneiss na ndị ọzọ na nkume kpụrụ n'oge mgbanwe.

Tinyere ihe ndị ọzọ, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-etinye aka na geochemical nnyocha. Ha na-enye ihe nnyocha nke chemical mejupụtara nke nkume, ya afọ, ebe mbido, ịnweta n'ụzọ, okpomọkụ ma na nsogbu na nke e hiwere ya.

The kasị nkume

On mbara ala anyị, e nwere nnukwu ego nke ego na nke a dịgasị iche iche nke mineral. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a ndị mmadụ achọpụtawo a bara uru ngwa. Ụfọdụ udiri anumanu na-ọzọ na ina, ụfọdụ na-erughị. Ka anyị kwuo banyere nkume, na-eji mmadụ.

granites

Ikekwe nke a bụ ihe kasị nkịtị nkume esịnede quartz, feldspar, mica. Granite ka granular crystal Ọdịdị ekewa atọ ige: obere, ọkara, na ntụ. Nkume nwere a dịgasị iche iche nke agba, ndị rarest na-atụle-acha anụnụ anụnụ-acha akwụkwọ ndụ, ìhè na agba ntụ na burgundy. Granite lends onwe ya n'ụzọ zuru okè polished, ụfọdụ nke ya iche na-okpomọkụ mesoo. Nke a na-eme ka ike ndị ọzọ ji achọ mmetụta. Arụmọrụ Njirimara nke konkiri na n'ibu egosi na-eme atụmatụ dị nnọọ elu, ya mere, nkume eji maka cladding facades nke ụlọ, quays, ndị na-ewu n'okpuru ala owuwu. The nkume na-eji maka ihe e kere eke nke ọkpụkpụ.

sandstone

Ọzọ na-ewu ewu na oké nkume. Ụdị nkume na-adabere na guzobere usoro. Sandstones bụ sedimentary ụdị, n'ihi na ọ na mejupụtara ekpokọtara ájá. Na ọdịdị, e nwere nkume na ọtụtụ agba: green, odo, na agba ntụ, red, agba aja aja. N'ihi ji achọ nzube akacha eji ezi-na-grained aja aja, ọbara ọbara na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ na sandstone. Ihu ọma, ha na-aga na-lining nke ụlọ.

marble

Nwe a granular crystalline nkume, ọ pụtara n'ihu dị ka a n'ihi nke ikpughe na dolomite na nkume nzu elu okpomọkụ na nsogbu. The marble elu ji achọ Njirimara, ọ dị mfe na-arụ ọrụ. Ka ihe atụ, na-ebenata na-egweri sharpness na ihie, polishing, on Kama nke ahụ, meekwa ka image, chipping brightens ndabere. Stone bụ a acha, isi awọ na-acha ọcha.

wepụrụ ebubo

Nkume e guzobere ruru ka arọ compaction nke ụrọ, recrystallized n'okpuru ike mgbali kwadoro. Batts nwere ike kewaa nnọọ mkpa efere, e nwere ọbara ọbara na agba na isi awọ-agba aja aja, ọchịchịrị isi awọ, nwa akwụkwọ. Nke a ji achọ na inogide ihe onwunwe nke na-adịghị achọ ka ọ bụla nhazi, na-eji maka ime na mputa coatings.

semiprecious nkume

Ndị dị otú ahụ oké nkume dị ka malachite, onyx, nkume lapis lazuli, opal na jed, na-kpọrọ ihe karị karịa ndị ọzọ, n'ihi na ha na-adịkarịghị hụrụ ke uwa. Na nkume ndị a bụ maka imewe nke ọla, ji achọ iberibe, obere ihe nke ime.