The ndu ọrụ nke amino asịd na ha ngwa

Gịnị bụ ndu ọrụ nke amino asịd? Ka anyị na-agbalị ọnụ chọta azịza nke ajụjụ a. Chọpụta bughi atụmatụ nke a na klas nke organic ogige, ha chemical Njirimara, isi ubi nke ngwa.

ya mere eme

First oghe amino acid glycine bụ. Ya 1820 godu synthesized site acid hydrolysis nke gelatin. The ghọtara amino acid mejupụtara protein molekul bụ naanị n'etiti ikpeazụ nke narị afọ, ọ na-ama ahụ kpughere amino acid - threonine.

nkiti ọrụ

N'oge ahụ, e nwere banyere 300 amino asịd na-arụ ọrụ dịgasị iche iche na ahu.

Gịnị bụ isi ndu ọrụ nke amino asịd? Iri abụọ nke ha na-atụle ọkọlọtọ (proteinogenic), n'ihi na ha bụ akụkụ nke isi nke protein ụmụ irighiri.

A ogige bụ akụkụ nke ụfọdụ na-edozi. Oksiprilin ndabere nke collagen, elastin kpụrụ desmosine.

Ha nwere ike ịbụ intermediates na metabolic Filiks. Dị otú ahụ bụ ndị ọrụ nke citrulline, ornithine.

The ndu ọrụ nke amino asịd na bụ njikọ nke nucleotides, polyamides. The carbon yinye nke ogige eji na-etolite ọzọ organic bekee:

• Glucose na-synthesized si glucogenic amino asịd;
• Lipids ii ketogenic ogige.

The ndu ọrụ nke amino asịd bụ ekwe omume nke ha na ojiji maka na mkpebi siri ike nke ọtọ iche iche. Cysteine na-eji maka njirimara nke sulfate otu. Aspartate na-eji na ịmata ihe na-amino otu.

nomenclature Atụmatụ

Olee otú n'ụzọ ziri ezi mata amino asịd? Ọdịdị, nhazi ọkwa, ndu ọrụ nke ndị a ogige na-atụle, ọbụna ke N'ezie usoro ọmụmụ.

Amino asịd na-nkwekọrịta nke carboxylic asịd, ihe ndị mejupụtara nke otu hydrogen atọm na-anọchi ihe amino otu.

Dabere na ebe nke ọtọ iche iche na otu compound ike ọtụtụ isomers. Chemists iji atọ nanị dị iche iche nomenclature: ò, na-enweghị, Ịhazi.

Obere aha ndị a ogige na-metụtara isi iyi si na nke ha na-dịpụrụ adịpụ. Serine webata silk fibroin, glutamine a hụrụ na gluten ọka. Cystine ugbu ke eriri afo nkume.

Ò aha jikọtara a carboxylic acid emepụta, na afo eji maka ikwu na ọnọdụ nke usoro nke amino asịd na a protein molekul. Na n'ihi mmiri ọgwụ ndị na-adịchaghị mkpa aha na ndebiri nke ndị a ogige.

nhazi ọkwa nke amino asịd

Iji ghọta ihe ndu ọrụ nke amino asịd na ha ngwa, ga-ebi na nhazi ọkwa nke ndị a na ụdị organic ogige.

Ugbu a, ọtụtụ ụdị nke nhazi ọkwa:

• n'ihi oké;
• na ogo nke polarity;
• nke n'onwe njikọ ke idem.

Dị ka buu Ọdịdị dị iche iche nke amino asịd dịpụrụ adịpụ na organic onwu.

The aliphatic ogige nwere ike ibu otu carboxyl na amino otu, nke ikpe ha monoaminokarbonovymi ogige.

Mgbe abụọ amino iche iche COOH na audio ihe na-akpọ monoaminodikarbonovymi bekee.

Ọzọkwa secrete diaminomonocarboxylic na diaminodikarbonovye amino acid ụdị.

Cyclic ụdị dị iche bụghị nanị na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke cycles, kamakwa ha qualitative mejupụtara.

Site Lehninger, na amino asịd na-ekewa n'ime anọ dị iche iche dị ka peculiarities nke hydrocarbon buu mmeghachi omume na mmiri:

• hydrophobic;
• hydrophilic;
• ezighị - ebubo;
• ghaghị-ebubo.

Dabere na ike synthesize na amino acid na ahụ mmadụ secrete mkpa (eme nri), na kennyeghari ụdị.

ndu ọrụ nke Alfa-amino acid a pụtara ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere.

nkịtị Njirimara

The amino asịd na-ji? Nomenclature, Njirimara na ndu ọrụ nke ndị a ogige na-awa na-agụsị akwụkwọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ na n'otu obodo ule na onwu. Ndị a organic asịd ngwa ngwa soluble n'ime mmiri, nwere nnukwu agbaze ebe.

Ha ngwa anya ọrụ n'ihi ọnụnọ na ụmụ irighiri nke akpàràkpà carbon atọm (naanị wezụga bụ glycine). Ọ bụ ya mere L- na D-stereoisomers nke amino asịd a hụrụ.

Isomers nke L-usoro dị na mejupụtara nke anụmanụ protein. The uru maka hydrogen index ndị a ogige bụ na nso 5.5-7.

chemical Njirimara

Tụlee ihe amino asịd. Structure, chemical Njirimara, ndu ọrụ nke ndị a organic bekee kwesịrị ịma.

The specificity nke chemical Njirimara nke amino asịd dị ha duality. Amphoteric ihe kpatara ya bụ na ọnụnọ nke abụọ ọtọ iche iche nke ndị a organic asịd.

Ọnụnọ nke carboxyl otu COOH na-eme ka ndị a ogige nke ihe acidic okike. Ha ngwa ngwa na-eme na-arụsi ọrụ ike ọla, isi oxides, alkali. Ọzọkwa acidity Njirimara ndị a organic ogige gosiri na esterification mmeghachi omume (na alcohols na-etolite esters).

Amino asịd nwekwara ike na ya na-eme na salts kpụrụ adịghị ike ịnweta asịd. Dị ka ihe atụ nke ndị dị otú a mmeghachi omume nwere ike-atụle mmekọrịta nke amino asịd na carbonates na bicarbonates.

Isi Njirimara nke a na klas na-amino asịd ike na-eme na ndị ọzọ asịd na amino otu. Na nke a na-etolite na nnu.

The ndu ọrụ nke decarboxylation nke amino asịd na-etolite a na-anọpụ iche na gburugburu ebe obibi na bụ kpam kpam nchebe maka ndị dị ndụ organism.

Ninhydrin ule nwere ike ịchọpụta amino asịd na ngwọta. Ihe kachasi mkpa n'ime mmeghachi omume bụ na colorless ngwọta nke ninhydrin na na mmekọrịta ya na amino acid ga ebikọta n'ụdị a dimer site a nitrogen atọm nke a na-rapara site kwekọrọ ekwekọ amino acid.

Ihe ink nwere a ọbara ọbara hue filoletovy adianade do, decarboxylation nke amino asịd etịbe, na-eduga n'iguzobe a ụfọdụ aldehyde na carbon monoxide (4).

Ọ ninhydrin mmeghachi omume a na-eji site na ndị ọkà na analysis of isi Ọdịdị nke protein ụmụ irighiri. Dị ka na agba osisi ike nwere ike achọpụtara quantitative amino acid ọdịnaya na mbụ ngwọta, ya mere a yiri analysis bụ mkpa mgbe ẹfiọk amino acid ịta.

kpọmkwem Jeremaya mere

The amino asịd ndị ọzọ karịa nke carboxyl na amino iche iche, nwere ike ịnwe ọzọ ọtọ iche iche. N'ihi mkpebi siri ike ha na-eme nnyocha laboratories mepụta qualitative Jeremaya mere.

Arginine nwere ike mata na ngwakọta site n'ịrụ qualitative Sakaguchi mmeghachi omume (guanidine otu on). Cysteine nwere ike kpebisie ike site Foll, kpọmkwem maka SH-iche iche.

nitration (ksantoproteinovaya mmeghachi omume) Mmeghachi omume na-enyere iji gosi ọnụnọ ke ngwakọta nke aromatic amino asịd. Millon mmeghachi omume bụ maka nchọpụta nke a hydroxyl otu na aromatic mgbanaka nke tyrosine.

Atụmatụ nke peptide nkekọ

Gịnị ka e ji mara ndị sọlfọ amino asịd? Ha ndu ọrụ jikọtara guzobe nke ụmụ irighiri nke peptides. Na na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti a molekul multiple amino acid na-kewaa anya mmiri na ụmụ irighiri ihe na amino acid residues via a peptide (amide) nkekọ na-etolite peptides.

The ọnụ ọgụgụ nke amino acid residues na-etolite na polypeptide dịgasị ukwu. Ndị peptides na-ebu ihe karịrị iri amino acid residues, kwuru na dị ka oligopeptides. The aha nke dapụtara ogige na-abụkarị ndị na-egosi na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke amino acid residues.

Ọ bụrụ na ndị mejupụtara nke a umi nwere ihe karịrị iri amino acid residues, na ogige na-akpọ polypeptides. N'ihi na ndị na ogige nke na-agụnye ndị n'elu iri ise amino acid residues, ngwaahịa nke njikọ nke a protein akpọ.

N'ihi ya, hormone glyukagen, nke Ọdịdị enwere 29 amino asịd na ọkà-akpọ hormone. Amino acid residues malite monomers atụle organic asịd nke na-guzobere si proteinaceous compound.

The amino acid fọduru na e dere n'aka ekpe, nwere amino otu, a na-akpọ N-ọnụ ibe akwụkwọ na-enwe a carboxyl otu, dị ka C-ọnụ, ọ na-emekarị e dere n'aka nri.

Mgbe akpọ dapụtara polypeptide amino acid ndebiri na-eji, site na nke ọ kpụrụ. Ka ihe atụ, ọ bụrụ na ndị na mmekọrịta e gara site glycine, serine, alanine, ewepụtara tripeptide ga na-agụ glitsilserilalanin.

Mkpa nke ụfọdụ amino asịd

Glycine (aminoacetic acid) bụ a na-enye onyinye nke carbon iberibe nke dị mkpa n'ihi na e guzobere haemoglobin, pyrrole, choline, nucleotides, nakwa dị ka njikọ nke creatine.

Serine bụ ugbu ke ifịk saịtị nke enzymes. Nke a amino acid a chọrọ maka njikọ usoro phosphoprotein (eke mmiri ara ehi casein).

Glucogenic acid dị mkpa iji na-etolite na abụọ, tertiary Ọdịdị nke ahụ protein molekul. Nke a compound bụ ihe kasị reactive ọtọ otu, nke mere na umi ngwa ngwa dabara ọxịdashọn-Mbelata Filiks, na-ejikọ ndị arọ ọla dị ka unyi anaghị agbasa na ogige. Ọ bụ na ọ na-eje ozi dị ka a sulfate otu na-enye onyinye, ina maka njikọ nke sọlfọ-nwere bekee.

ọgwụgwụ

Amino asịd na-amphoteric organic ogige nke nwere ndu uru. Ọ amino acid residues na njikọ usoro etolite a usoro nke bụ isi Ọdịdị nke ahụ protein ụmụ irighiri. Dabere na otú kpomkwem agbakọta na amino acid iberibe synthesized protein kpọmkwem maka ọ bụla dị ndụ organism.