Tundra: ala na idụhe. Njirimara-tundra mpaghara

Russian n'ókèala a na-ewere ndị kasị elu n'etiti niile na-ekwu, nke mbara ala anyị. Ọ erukwa site n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ site na ọ fọrọ nke nta iri puku kilomita. Na site n'ebe ugwu gaa n'ebe ndịda ya kacha ogologo bụ karịa puku mmadụ anọ kilomita.
The nnukwu ogologo nke mba na-enye a dịgasị iche iche nke onodu ubochi zones na steeti. Ke edem edere latitudes, oyi na-amalite n'ala ya arctic desert. N'ebe ndịda na mpaghara nke mba na-emi odude na-ekpo ọkụ na efekarị na mpaghara, ọkara desat.

Russia si eke ebe

Ndị na-esonụ eke zones bụ na-akwanyere ùgwù na ókèala nke Russia:

• Arctic desat;
• tundra mpaghara;
• -tundra mpaghara;
• apịtị;
• mbuaha na deciduous ọhịa ;
• steppe;
• steppe;
• desert mpaghara;
• subtropical mpaghara.

Arctic desert bụ akpali mmasị na oyi na-atụ n'ala. Ha ịgà permafrost na kpụkọrọ kpuchie.

tundra mpaghara ekpuchi banyere 10% nke mba. Mpaghara a bụ nnọọ ogbenye na nri na humus. Na a omimi nke iri abụọ sentimita e permafrost. Of ahịhịa na-eme ya nanị mosses na lichens.

Tundra emi odude ke ókè n'etiti tundra na apịtị gbalaga site 20 ruo 200 kilomita. Ọ bụ ebe a ka e ehighị nne ahịhịa na osisi. Ha bụ ndị ezi na-adịghị ike na-enwe a obere size. Ihe kpatara nke a bụ ka ezi a ihu igwe siri ike na ogbenye ala.

apịtị mpaghara dị na a region na a na-ekpo ọkụ idụhe. Ala a-ekpuchi ọtụtụ ndị n'ókèala Russia, banyere 60% nke ngụkọta ebe. On ya n'ókèala e nwere oké fir na spruce ọhịa, nakwa dị ka a obere ego nke pine ọhịa.

The ọzọ mpaghara dị n'ebe ndịda site ọzọ tụụrụ ala oyi akwa na-ekpo ọkụ ọgaranya ahịhịa. Ebe a, a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke Dwarf na ogologo osisi, osisi na grasses. Isịneke bụ ọkara desert ebe, ebe ahịhịa dara ogbenye n'ihi na nke ala mmiri ozuzo.

Tundra: ala na ihu igwe

The mbụ bụ ngosipụta nke nọ n'ọrụ osisi ọrụ hụrụ n'ime oké ọhịa-tundra mpaghara. Ee, ọ bụ otu ebe na a pụtara ihu igwe siri ike na ndị ogbenye ọmụmụ. A iche iche ajụjụ - ihe ụdị ala dị n'oké ọhịa. Nke a kpebisiri ike site Ọnọdụ Ihu Igwe nke obodo. The ala nke tundra na ọhịa tundra dị nnọọ ogbenye. Na a omimi nke ihe karịrị iri abụọ sentimita bụ glei ala oyi akwa. Mmepe nke osisi mgbọrọgwụ usoro na a omimi nke ihe karịrị iri abụọ sentimita kwere omume. Ihe kpatara nke a bụ enweghị nri na permafrost na a oyi akwa.

Russian tundra ụfọdụ na-eme nnyocha na mbụ guru subzone tundra ma ọ bụ apịtị. Ma n'oge a ebe a na-pụta ìhè na a iche iche ebe. E a nkịtị aha - tundra. Ala nke obodo e guzobere n'okpuru nduzi nke oké subarctic idụhe.

N'oge okpomọkụ, ọnwa na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ esịmde ya kacha ke July 10-14 degrees Celsius. N'oge oyi ọnwa, na-adabere na ọnọdụ na Afrika, nwere ike idebe na mwepu iri anọ degrees Celsius.

mmiri ala na permafrost

N'agbanyeghị na ntakịrị mmiri ozuzo nke banyere 350 millimeters, nke a gwara Russian tundra. Nke a bụ n'ihi na na-adịghị mma ruru n'etiti entry na mmiri evaporation. Site iri na iri na iri isii percent nke ngụkọta ebe kpuchie site ọdọ mmiri ndị na swamps. Ọnọdụ ndị a na-ji tundra. Ala, n'ihi na oké moistening na naanị ọnụnọ nke permafrost ruru ala okpomọkụ, Nleta a oyi akwa nke tụụrụ zuru ezu ngwa ngwa (oge nke guzobere otu sentimita topsoil karịa narị afọ).

Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-atụle ụdị nke Ona (table-egosi n'okpuru) nke Russia na tụnyere ogo nke ọmụmụ, na-aghọ ihe kwere nghọta larịị nke mma maka cultivation nke ebe ufodu. Ọ ga-ghọtara na ụfọdụ ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-ekwe ka ìgwè ọnụego nke eke ala ọmụmụ. Chernozemnaya (tụnyere n'ógbè dị ka tundra) ala ngwa ngwa enwekwu topsoil, banyere 1 sentimita kwa narị afọ. Nke a na ọnụ ọgụgụ bụ 5-10 ugboro elu karịa n'ime ọhịa mpaghara.

ahịhịa

Ọnụnọ nke ahịhịa na-ekpebisi ike site na ihu igwe na ala ọnọdụ nke mpaghara. N'aka nke ya, nke a bụ ikpebi ihe maka anụmanụ ụwa. Shrub tundra na woodlands iche iche dabere zoning. Na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke na-amụbawanye Dwarf birch na willow subpolar. Eto eto dị ka nwa na-acha ọcha spruce. Na Kola Peninsula na-eto eto warty birch. Na Western Siberia - fir na Siberia larch.

Mmetụta mmiri na ihu igwe

Rivers na ọdọ nwere a echekwa ọhịa-tundra mmetụta na aka ike Ọnọdụ Ihu Igwe, otú osimiri ndagwurugwu ahịhịa ndị ọzọ ọsọ. Na n'ebe ndị a, "Ete" tundra. Ala nso osimiri ndị ọzọ tụụrụ. Ke adianade do, na ndagwurugwu nke osimiri na-echebe ahịhịa si eme ihe ike ifufe.
ọhịa foci kpụrụ nke birch, spruce na larch. Ala ụdị (table ọkọnọ n'okpuru) bụ ihe iche iche na tụụrụ nso ọdọ. Osisi idiọk stunted, mgbe ụfọdụ, anyịgbu n'ala. Na ebe n'etiti osimiri pụrụ ịchọta stunted ehighị nne ọhịa dị iche iche ndị nnọchiteanya nke lichens na mosses.

The fauna bụ iche iche ọhịa tundra.

ilekota

The ilekota na tundra mpaghara na-anọchi anya dị iche iche nke lemmings, shrews, nkịta ọhịa, partridges na reindeer. Tundra (ala ụdị, ọ na-ekpebi ihe kwesịrị ekwesị ahịhịa) bụ maka dị iche iche ụdị mgbada na ndị bara uru ịta nri ala. A ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke migratory nnụnụ, tinyere Waterfowl. Ya mere, n'agbanyeghị njọ, ọhịa-tundra Russian ọgaranya nnọchiteanya nke anụmanụ ụwa. Mpaghara a nke mba ahụ bụ a pụrụ iche. Dị ugbu a, oké ọhịa tundra nke mba anyị n'ihi na ọtụtụ akụkụ ẹnịm ke akpasarade ụdị. Ihe kpatara nke a bụ, ọzọ, ọjọọ Ọnọdụ Ihu Igwe.

The mgbagwoju anya nke mmadụ na-ebighị na mpaghara ebe a na-ekpebi ala mmepe obodo nke ókèala. Ma ka anyị nwere olileanya na ikpebi ihe ga-abụ ichebe nke ọdịdị na-adịghị egbochi ya mbibi, na creativity na amamihe nke ọha mmadụ.