Bartolomeo Rastrelli, na-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ: biography, na-arụ ọrụ. Smolny Cathedral, na Winter Obí, Stroganov Obí

Architect Bartolomeo Rastrelli - Onye Okike nke ọtụtụ na-akpali akpali, mara mma ụlọ. Ya obí eze na okpukpe ụlọ na-egbu ha na okomoko na ịma mma, ndị mpako na regal. Nke a abụghị ihe ijuanya. Mgbe niile, Bartolomeo Rastrelli, onye biography bụ nke na-adọrọ mmasị na ọtụtụ Fans nke oge a ije, kere na-mere maka eze ukwu.

Nkenke banyere nwata

Ịmụ Bartolomeo Franchesko Rastrelli na Paris, nwa a nkà na a maara nke ọma Italian ọkpụ Bartolomeo Karlo Rastrelli. Nke a mere azụ na 1700, mgbe France chịrị Louis XIV. King ekele dị ukwuu maka ya ikpe ọkpụ, otú obere nwata Francesco ebe n'ime afọ ojuju na akpachapụghị anya.

Nwa okoro na-eto nnọọ ịmata na uchu. O nwere mmasị na-eme ihe na-aka-ha, na-enwe mmasị na-eṅomi ya na nna ya hone nkà ha.

Akpụ akpụ na Russia

Mgbe ọnwụ nke "Sun King" Carlo Rastrelli natara òkù si Russia na ikpe na a afọ atọ na-arụ ọrụ na alaeze ebe ugwu. N'oge ahụ, ọ bụ omenala na nkà omenkà na-aga ọrụ na Russia, otú Rastrelli, Sr., na-enweghị na-eche echiche ugboro abụọ, chikọta ya na ezinụlọ ya gaa St. Petersburg.

Capital zutere mba ọzọ mma. Ha gara biri na ulo nke aka ya, ụtọ ùgwù na nsọpụrụ. Peter m, ọrụ n'aka ndokwa nke ọhụrụ obodo, emeso ya na nkà ndị ọrụ nkà obiọma na ntak mfọnido. Ọ hụrụ na ha nwere ikike na nkà nke ọkachamara ọnọ iwu, sochiri ọma, n'ezie eze ụgwọ ọrụ.

Mmalite nke creativity

Site a-eto eto afọ Bartolomeo Rastrelli aku oké njọ zodcheskoy ọrụ n'okpuru nduzi na nlekọta nke nna-ya. Ihe atụ, o keere òkè ná mmezu nke ụfọdụ nke n'obí Prince Menshikov - ume ma na-ike-agụụ na-agụ Emperor Peter enyere Devid aka.

The mbụ dịtụ nọọrọ onwe ha na-arụ ọrụ site Bartolomeo Rastrelli (n'agbanyeghị, na Russia, a na-eto eto-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ aha ya bụ Bartholomew Varfolomeyevich) bụ ndị na-ewu a atọ-storey n'obí eke nkume maka illustrious-isi, statesman na ọkà mmụta Dmitriya Konstantinovicha Kantemira.

The-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ na-enyeghị ya mbụ ụlọ ụfọdụ pụrụ iche atụmatụ na e ji mara. Ọ dịghị, n'obí e wuru na dị na n'ozuzu nabatara style of Peter m, ọ bụ pụta ụwa ozuzu nke olu, doo anya articulation na flatness nke facade. Gị onwe gị na style of Rastrelli ga-ahọrọ ka e mesịrị.

Na 1720 afọ, ihe aspiring-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ ọtụtụ ugboro gaa France na Italy na-aghọ maara na ejiji ndị ọhụrụ na ntụziaka na nkà nke ụlọ.

ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọgba aghara

Ná mmalite 1930s, na chi ọbụbọ nke ọchịchị Anny Ioannovny, Rastrelli, nna ya kpebiri igosi a mmekọrịta ọhụrụ na Eze Nwanyị Ukwu gara-ege ya ntị, na-ewere ya nwa ya na ya na-eru osise.

Na-eto eto nwunye eze, na-elekọta na oké ngosi na ịgba, ji amara were nkà architects na nyekwara ha ihe ùgwù ime ndị na-ewu ya nime ha. Ya mere, ndị na-eto eto-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ ohere iche onwe ya n'ihu Eze Nwanyị Ukwu. All nke ya oru e mma na-emejuputa atumatu.

The oyi Obí

Na biakwa obibia nke Anny Ioannovny nkà-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ na-amalite na-arụ ọrụ ahụ ná ndụ ya - o e nyere rụchaa isi eze na St. Petersburg. Gịnị na-eme Bartolomeo Rastrelli? The Winter Obí, wuru na n'oge 1700s, ndị Eze Nwanyị Ukwu yiri obere na juru, n'ihi ya, ọ obi ụtọ na-nakweere oké ọchịchọ plan nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ, dị ka nke ọ dị mkpa ịzụta anọ anọ guzo nso n'ụlọ, na n'ebe ha na ya ga-ewu a ebube ụlọ mgbagwoju.

A afọ ole na ole mgbe e mesịrị ụlọ e dechara, na n'iru anya St. Petersburg ediberede ọma mere anọ na-akụkọ ụlọ, ya facade chere ihu Neva River, na accommodates fọrọ nke nta iri asaa ala ụlọ na ihe karịrị otu narị bedrooms, nakwa dị ka ihe nkiri, gallery, uka na a ọtụtụ ọrụ na-eche na ogige.

N'obí e nkà rụsie n'ụba mma, nwere a gburugburu rusticated ogidi na pediment ọkpụkpụ, na ezinụlọ dum ụzọ n'ala ụlọ ahụ ji site a nnukwu gallery na arches.

Ọ bụ ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama na Rastrelli nwere otu ugboro ọzọ na-agbanwe ihe Winter Obí. Ọ mere na afọ iri abụọ gasịrị, n'ọbubu-eze nke Elizabeth.

The ọhụrụ Eze Nwanyị Ukwu hụrụ isi obibi nke Romanovs ruru unyi na-ekwesịghị ekwesị ka ha ọnọdụ. Ọ chọrọ dịkwuo ụlọ elu na ogologo. Ọ dị mkpa na ibibi ụlọ, na n'ọnọdu-ya iwu ọhụrụ, ihe ndị kwesịrị ekwesị maka n'ikuku nke mba ọzọ na-eje ozi na nke ememe.

The ịrịba ama Ọdịdị nke ahụ ọhụrụ Winter Obí, nke e wuru n'okpuru nlekọta nke Bartolomeo Rastrelli? The ụlọ mîdaha iri na ise narị ọnụ ụlọ na-ekpuchi ebe ndị puku mmadụ iri isii cubic mita.

Obí enwe nnukwu akụkụ anọ udi, nwere n'ime n'ihu unit na oke, n'ụzọ zuru okè retracted facade, nke e onwem na n'ọtụtụ ebe kewapụrụ ogidi na otutu windo, window casings nke dị iche iche shapes na ọtụtụ ite na ihe oyiyi, debere ihe parapets.

Ọ bụ ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama na oge a echiche nke Winter Obí, a makwaara dị ka hermitage, bụ fọrọ nke nta kpamkpam kwekọrọ na nke ikpeazụ oru ngo nke oké-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ.

The-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ maka Biron

Na 1730 Bartolomeo Rastrelli amalite anya na-ekwurịta okwu na Biron - a mmasị nke Anny Ioannovny. N'okpuru patronage nke uncrowned eze ukwu ahụ eze-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ na-aghọ ndị atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ nke ugbu Eze Nwanyị Ukwu. Site n'ụzọ, Elizaveta Petrovna, mgbe afọ iri na ise, nke bịara ike site a n'obí kuu, sokwara ọrụ nke Rastrelli ka ndi-isi-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ.

N'ihi Biron-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ na-amalite na-emezu oru maka ewu na Mitavsky Rundale obí eze. Ebe a, nna ukwu na-emepụta a ọnụ ọgụgụ Mee gravitating kwupụta a mechiri emechi Ọdịdị, nke na-achị mmewere bụ elongate Central ahu.

Na onye ọ bụla ọhụrụ na-eru art Bartolomeo Rastrelli mepụtara na mma, edoghi na usoro-aghọ ndị ọzọ plastic na enyemaka.

Arụ ọrụ na nhazigharị. Anichkov Obí

Na mbata nke ọzọ achị a nkà atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ wee malite ịpụta na-akpali ma na-atọ ụtọ iwu, otu onye nke bụ ẹkụre ewu na Fontanka River, butere site atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ Zemtsov. Okomoko ụlọ, wuru na Baroque style, we rida na akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka Anichkov Obí. Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli chịkwara ewu na ogbugbu nke ọhụrụ akụkụ, udi yiri akwụkwọ ozi "H".

Arụ ọrụ na nhazigharị. Peterhof

The ọzọ na iji nke Rastrelli bụ reorganization nke Peterhof.

Elizaveta Petrovna niile obi m chọrọ ka mma na-eme ka obi nke ya nwụrụ anwụ nna. Iji mee nke a, ọ nyere iwu na-ọdịdị nke ụlọ Pita style na ikuku nke oge, Otú ọ dị, nye ha iwu ka endow owuwu nke oge a na ịdị ukwuu na ọnụ ọgụgụ.

Bartolomeo Rastrelli, bụ ike mụbaa na-gbanwee obí, na-ahapụ ya expressive Central ụlọ fọrọ nke nta na-agbanweghi agbanwe. On n'akụkụ nke ọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ji agwụ na ahu na wuru ọhụrụ pavilions, ejikọta ha na yi veranda, nakwa dị ka wuru na atọ n'ala na mepụtara a ọmarịcha park usoro.

The kasị akpali akpali mmewere nke ime nke Peterhof - a square na abụọ na-ụda n'ihu ulo steepụ, mma na dara oké ọnụ imecha.

Ebe e nwere bụ ihe niile - oké ọnụ gilding akpọkwa na mara sere mgbidi na stucco, osisi a tụrụ atụ na ibe ya bụrụ.

Arụ ọrụ na nhazigharị. Tsarskoye Selo

Ihe ọzọ bụ isi ụlọ oru ngo, nke nwere na-redone, bụ okpomọkụ obí eze, nke dị na Tsarskoye Selo. Ya Eze Nwanyị Ukwu atụle kwa ochie na obere.

Olee mgbanwe a ga-mere iji melite Catherine Obí? Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli izute ọchịchọ nke Ọkaakaa na-eme ka a nhazigharị nke Russian Baroque style, ìgwè ewu na ma ego ma ọ bụla ọzọ n'aka. The mma nke facades na ihe oyiyi si ihe karịrị otu narị kilogram nke gold.

Na usoro nke nhazigharị na-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ kpaliri akwa steepụ na ndịda-n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke n'obí, n'inwe igbu oge ukem n'akụkụ onye ọ bụla ọzọ emume ulo; mikwuo n'oghere nke windo, eke a ọgaranya play nke ìhè na ndò; facades mma na stucco na ọkpụkpụ icho mma ha na adụ-acha anụnụ anụnụ na ọgaranya gold agba. All a nyere mmasị n'obí Eze Nwanyị Ukwu festive ukwu na oké nchegbu okwu.

ọhụrụ oru ngo

Otú ọ dị, ụkpụrụ ụlọ ọrụ site Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli-ejedebeghị na na nhazigharị nke ndị mba ọzọ na oru ngo. The-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ kere ya nkà na mbụ nghọta, nke wuru okomoko na emume ụlọ. Otu n'ime ndị a owuwu bụ Smolny Katidral. Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli mezuru ya na a lush na artsy Elizabethan Baroque style, decorating na dormer gables na-ese na adụ ìhè-acha anụnụ anụnụ na agba.

The mgbagwoju nke okpukpe ụlọ mere ọhụrụ na pụrụ iche. Cathedral wuru ise domed, ma naanị otu dome (enwe kasị size) ozugbo na-akọ na temple, ha anọ nwere mgbịrịgba.

Ọzọ nkà ọrụ atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ bụ Stroganov Obí. Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli jikọtara atọ ụlọ n'ime otu facade, na etiti nke nke eguzobewo a owuwu ụzọ mbata na uwe nke ogwe aka, na rụrụ ọtụtụ nnukwu steepụ mma na ọgaranya stucco na gilt zọputa ígwè ngebichi na a saa mbara gallery, mma na gilded ọkpụkpụ na nnukwu enyo.

Inside ụlọ chọpụtara a nnukwu ọnụ ụlọ ebe nke otu narị na iri abụọ na asatọ square mita.

anyanwụ dara creativity

Na onwu nke Elizabeth mikpuru n'ime nchefu pompous na ọnụ Baroque style, otú Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli m ọrụ. Ọ na-e dochie anya ọhụrụ nwe bịara, ihe ihere na dịkọrọ ndụ nkà. Enweghị iwu na-enwe ihe isi ike ego, nke merela agadi-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ kpebiri ịjụ maka ezumike na-aga Italy, ostensibly maka ọgwụgwọ.

Ebe a na-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ strenuously achọ ahịa, ma ọ naghị arụ ọrụ. Ke ukem a nkà Rastrelli ọ na-amụta na Catherine na e kenyere ya ọzọ atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ. Oké Italian ọkọkpọhi mwute arụkwaghịm na a ezigbo ụgwọ ezumike nká na a puku rubles.

Ọnụ ya na ezinụlọ ya (si-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ bụ nwunye a hụrụ n'anya na ụmụ ya abụọ) Rastrelli ekpe Russia. N'ụzọ o zutere ya onetime nchebe Biron na zigara n'ala nna ya iji restructure ma melite Courland onwunwe nke mbụ regent nke Russian Alaeze Ukwu.

Ọ bụ kwuru na nke ikpeazụ na-arụ ọrụ nke nkà omenkà ghọrọ a oru ngo nke Church of St. Simeon na St. Anna, nke e gosiri nkà omenkà onwe Ịgụta Panin ịjụ maka ụgwọ nke iri na abụọ puku. Otú ọ dị, ọnụ anaghị ewere ya na ya dị mkpa iji zaghachi a aririọ Rastrelli, n'agbanyeghị na o wuru chọọchị na dị na Eserese, mgbe atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ ọnwụ.

ikpeazụ

The ikpeazụ afọ tupu ọnwụ ya, oké-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ ẹkenịmde ke nchefu na nanị. The ụwa nke art na-agaghịkwa chọrọ ya ihe e kere ọhụrụ, ọ dịghị onye jụrụ ya banyere ọhụrụ oru na ụlọ. Ọ bụ ihe mwute na mwute whiled-ha ụbọchị a nkà artist. Mwute karịsịa bụ ya ndụ mgbe ya na nwunye ya nwụrụ.

Historians na akatọ ruo mgbe ọgwụgwụ na-amaghị kpọmkwem ụbọchị nke ọnwụ nke Rastrelli. Presumably, ọ nwụrụ na March-April 1771. Ya ebe ili ozu ka amaghi.

Otú ọ dị, ọ hapụrụ a oké, dị oké ọnụ ahịa na dara oké ọnụ nketa - ukwu ya ọrụ ndị na-gafere site na narị afọ na mkpagbu. Ha ka mma na ụtọ ọbịa si gburugburu ụwa.