Berlin Wall: akụkọ ihe mere eme nke e kere eke na mbibi. The ọdịda nke Berlin Wall

N'isiokwu a, ihe Berlin Wall ga-atụle. History nke e kere eke na mbibi nke mgbagwoju n'etiti super ike na-egosi megide na bụ ihe n'onwe nke "agha nzuzo".

Ị ga-amụta ọ bụghị nanị na ndị na-akpata nke a ogologo anụ ọtụtụ kilomita, ma na-na-mara na-akpali eziokwu metụtara ịdị adị na ọdịda nke "Anti-Fascist nzere mgbidi."

Germany mgbe Ụwa nke Abụọ

Tupu anyị na-aghọta onye wuru na Berlin Wall, ọ dị mkpa na-ekwurịta banyere ugbu a ọnọdụ n'oge ahụ na steeti.

Mgbe imeri ke World War II, Germany e ji site anọ na-ekwu. Ya n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ji site British agha, na United States na France, na ise n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ala-achịkwa ndị Soviet Union.

Next anyị ga-ekwu okwu banyere otú ọnọdụ ahụ dị jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ n'oge "Agha Nzuzo." Ọzọkwa, tụlee ihe mere na mmepe nke mba abụọ, dabeere na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nakwa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ zones nke mmetụta, we nnọọ ụzọ dị iche iche.

GDR

Dị ka anyị ga-ahụ ọzọ, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Berlin Wall egosi na ọ bụghị naanị na a ebe nkukota nke socialist Bloc na Western mba, kamakwa gradual nkewa nke akụkụ nke otu ike.

Na October 1949, ndị German Democratic Republic e guzobere. E hiwere ya fọrọ nke nta ọkara a afọ mgbe e guzobere FRG.

GDR nwere ókèala ndị ise ala n'okpuru Soviet na-arụ. Ndị a gụnyere Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, Brandenburg, Saxony, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.

Mgbe e mesịrị, ihe mere eme nke Berlin Wall ga-atụ ndị golf na pụrụ kpụrụ n'etiti abụọ agha ahụhụ. Dị ka memoirs nke dịkọrọ ndụ, West Berlin bụ dị iche iche si East dị ka London na oge nke Tehran na Seoul si Pyongyang.

Germany

Na May 1949, ndị Federal Republic of Germany e tọrọ ntọala. Berlin mgbidi afọ iri na abụọ nke kewara ọ si ya n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ onye agbata obi. Ka ọ dịgodị, na steeti a na-ngwa ngwa weghachiri eweghachi na-enyemaka nke ndị mba onye agha guzo na ya n'ókèala.

Ya mere, ndị mbụ French, American na British arụ zones na afọ anọ mgbe n'ikpeazụ Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ ghọọ Germany. Ebe ọ bụ na ngalaba n'etiti abụọ akụkụ nke Germany mere na Berlin, bụ isi obodo nke mba ọhụrụ ghọrọ Bonn.

Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ dị, mba na-aghọ a isiokwu nke esemokwu n'etiti socialist Bloc na ikeketeorie West. Na 1952, Iosif Stalin chọrọ ndị demilitarization nke Germany na ya ụdi adị dị ka a na-adịghị ike, ma a otu ala.

US jụrụ ngo na enyemaka nke Marshall Plan amama West Germany na-eto ngwa ngwa ike. N'ihi na afọ iri na ise, ebe ọ bụ na 1950, e nwere a dị ike ọganihu, nke historiography akpọ "aku ọrụ ebube".
Ma standoff gbatịrị n'etiti blocks.

Berlin nsogbu na 1961

N'elu omume nke a "igbaze" na Agha Nzuzo see amalite ọzọ. Ọzọ mere ama gbara ala n'elu Soviet Union, ihe American spy ụgbọelu.

Imegharị ọzọ agha, nke rụpụtara ke Berlin Wall. Afọ mwube nke a ncheta n'omume isi ike na nzuzu - 1961 nke, ma n'ezie na ọ dị adị ruo ogologo oge, ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ihe onwunwe incarnation.

Ya mere Stalin oge mere ka ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu na ogwe aka agbụrụ, nke a na-anọ nwa oge kwụsịrị na ibe mepụtara nke Intercontinental ballistic agba.

Ugbu a, na ihe omume nke agha, nuclear kara abụghị ibu ike.
Ebe ọ bụ na oge nke Korean esemokwu, erughị ala na-ewuli ọzọ. Ọgụgụ kasị elu torque ígwè Berlin na Cuban agha ọdụdọ. Dị ka akụkụ nke isiokwu anyị na ndị nwere mmasị na mbụ. Ọ mere na August 1961, dị ka a n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe e kere eke nke Berlin Wall.

Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ka anyị ekwuola, Germany e kewara abụọ na-ekwu, - ikeketeorie na socialist. N'oge pụrụ iche agụụ mmekọahụ, na 1961, Khrushchev na-aga akara na nwere ndi oru nke GDR na Berlin. Part nke otu obodo, bụ nke ndị Federal Republic of Germany, agawo US mgbochi na ya jikọrọ aka.

Khrushchev si ofufe echegbu West Berlin. The ndú nke Soviet ndị mmadụ na-achọ ya demilitarization. Western emegide nke socialist Bloc kwuru ihe kpatara nghọtahie.

Ọnọdụ ahụ ọtụtụ afọ na Limbo. Khrushchev obia na US, o yiri, bụ dajụọ ọnọdụ ahụ. Otú ọ dị, ihe ahụ merenụ na spy ụgbọelu U-2 tinye obi ike cross na-ekwe omume nke easing see okwu.

The pụta bụ otu na ọkara ọtụtụ puku ndị ọzọ na US agha na West Berlin na owuwu nke mgbidi, ndinyanade mbịne site na obodo na ọbụna gabiga ya, na akụkụ nke GDR.

The ụbọchị nke na-ewu nke "Anti-Fascist nzere mgbidi" na-atụle ga August 13, 1961.

The mgbidi

Ya mere, na ókè-ala n'etiti abụọ na-ekwu, ọ na-e wuru Berlin Wall. History nke e kere eke na mbibi nke ndị na ncheta isi ike ga-atụle n'ihu.

Na 1961, n'ihi na ụbọchị abụọ (site na August 13 na 15) E agbatị barbed waya, na mberede ngalaba bụghị naanị na mba ma ezinụlọ na akara aka nke ndị nkịtị. Nke a sochiri a ogologo ụlọ na biri naanị na 1975.

All a aro kere iri-na-asatọ na afọ. Na ikpeazụ ogbo (na 1989), mgbagwoju gụnyere a ihe mgbidi banyere atọ na ọkara mita ogologo na ihe karịrị otu narị kilomita. Ke adianade do, ọ na-agụnye a iri isii na isii kilomita metal ntupu, ihe karịrị otu narị na iri abụọ kilomita egosi electric nsu na otu narị ise kilomita nke ọwa.

Ọzọkwa, imewe e onwem na mgbochi tank e wusiri ike, n'ókè ụlọ, gụnyere atọ na narị elu, dị ka nke ọma dị ka akara na ibe, nke na-mgbe niile bibiri akụkụ ájá.

N'ihi ya, karịa ogologo nke Berlin Wall, dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme atụmatụ bụ ihe karịrị otu narị na iri ise na ise kilomita.

Ọ na-e reconstructed ọtụtụ ugboro. The kasị ọtụtụ ọrụ e rụrụ na 1975. Ọ bụ ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama na naanị oghere nọ na-enyocha ndị mmadụ na na osimiri. Ha na-na mbụ na-eji ihe ndị kasị nwee obi ike na-achọsi ike kwabatara "na ikeketeorie ụwa."

Ịgafe Ókè-ala

Ụtụtụ n'anya ịtụ anya ihe ndị nkịtị GDR isi obodo Berlin Wall e meghere. History nke e kere eke na mbibi nke a dị mgbagwoju egosi n'ụzọ doro anya n'ezie ihu nke na-ebu agha na-ekwu. Ọtụtụ nde ezinụlọ ndị e kewapụrụ n'otu ntabi anya.

Otú ọ dị, na aro Ọdịdị egbochighị n'ihu njem site na ókèala East Germany. Ndị na-eme ka ụzọ ha gafee osimiri na-emebi. On nkezi (tupu erection nke nsu) kwa ụbọchị si GDR na FRG ụgbọala dị iche iche ihe, ihe dị ka ọkara otu nde mmadụ. Iri abụọ na afọ asatọ ebe ndị na-ewu mgbidi na ọ bụ naanị ihe ịga nke ọma 5075 illegal crossings e rụrụ.

N'ihi nke a waterways, saps (145 mita n'okpuruala), balloons kpọgidere gliders, containers n'ụdị ụgbọala na bulldozers, kpaliri ọbụna eriri n'etiti ụlọ.

Ihe na-akpali na ya na-esote. People natara free akwụkwọ Socialist akụkụ nke Germany, na malitere ọrụ Germany n'ihi na e nwere ndị ka elu ụgwọ ọrụ.

N'ihi ya, ogologo nke Berlin Wall kwere na-eto eto na-esochi nke ya gbahapụrụ ebe na ụjọ. Maka pensioners ka abụghị ihe mgbochi na nrutu enweghị checkpoints.

Oz o nwere ike na-esi n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke obodo na-arụ ọrụ na a German ọkàiwu Vogel. Site 1964 na 1989, ọ na-aka a nkwekọrịta maka a ngụkọta nke 2.7 ijeri dollar, zụtara si GDR ọchịchị ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke otu nde East Germany na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mkpọrọ.

The mwute bụ eziokwu bụ na ndị mmadụ na-agbalị ịgbanahụ bụghị naanị jidere ya, ma na-otop. Eze gua 125 tara, N'agbasoghị ọnụ ọgụgụ na-amụba budata.

Nkwupụta site US isi

nwayọọ nwayọọ usen osisi ike nke mmetụta uche mgbe nsogbu na Caribbean kwụsị ara ogwe agbụrụ. Kemgbe ahụ, ụfọdụ American oche-amalite ime mgbalị ịkpọ ndị Soviet na-edu ndú kpakorita na-abịa a mmezi nke mmekọrịta.

N'ụzọ dị otú a, ha na-agbalị na-egosi na ndị wuru Berlin Wall, ha abaghị uru omume. Nke mbụ n'ime ha okwu bụ okwu site Dzhona Kennedi na June 1963. The American president okwu n'ihu nnukwu-ọnụ ọgụgụ nzukọ nso Rathaus Schöneberg.

Site na nke a okwu ka ekpe ama nkebi ahịrịokwu bụ: "Abụ m - onye nke Berliners." Ezighị translation, taa American comedians mgbe ịkọwa ya dị ka kwuru site ndudue, "m - Berliner." N'eziokwu, okwu nile ọ bụla nke okwu a calibrated na mụtara, na egwuregwu a na-dabeere na na amaghi nke ụzọ aghụghọ nke German kiriri ná mba ndị ọzọ.

N'ihi ya Dzhon Kennedi kwuru na ya na-akwado West Berlin bi.
Nke abụọ president, meghere a isiokwu na-emetụta ndị mụrụ ná mmehie nche ghọrọ Ronald Reagan. Na ya virtual iro bụ Mikhail Gorbachev.

The Berlin Wall bụ a akụkụ nke ochie na wetara esemokwu.
Reagan kwuru na General Secretary nke CPSU, na ọ bụrụ na nke ikpeazụ na-na-achọ liberalization nke mmekọahụ na a ọdịnihu obi ụtọ maka socialist mba, ọ bụ uru na-abịa ka Berlin na-emeghe ọnụ ụzọ ámá. "Kwatuenu mgbidi, Mr. Gorbachev!"

Fall of mgbidi

Obere oge mgbe okwu, dị ka a N'ihi nke na-eme njem nke "perestroika na glasnost" nke socialist Bloc mba malitere izo nke Berlin Wall. History nke e kere eke na mbibi nke a ihe e wusiri ike na-atụle n'isiokwu a. Na mbụ, anyị na-eti nke ya ewu na wetara ya pụta.

Ugbu a, anyị ga-elekwasị anya na mkpochapu nke ncheta nzuzu. Ozugbo ike na Soviet Union, Gorbachev bịara, Berlin Wall aghọwo a ịsụ ngọngọ. Tupu mgbe ahụ, na 1961, obodo a kpatara esemokwu na ụzọ nke socialism na West, ma ugbu a, na aro gbochiri ike nke enyi n'etiti ndị otu agha blocs.

Mba mbụ na-ebibi ya akụkụ nke mgbidi, ghọrọ Hungary. Na August 1989, nke dị nso n'obodo Sopron, na ókè-ala nke State na Austria, e nwere a "Pan-European Picnic". The Foreign Ozi nke mba abụọ malitere liquidation nke e wusiri ike.

The usoro ama-agaghị ekwe omume ka ọ kwụsị. Ná mmalite, ndị ọchịchị nke German Democratic Republic ekweghị akwado echiche a. Ma, ozugbo site n'ókèala Hungary na Germany gabiga ụbọchị atọ, na iri na ise na puku East Germany, ike bụ kpamkpam n'ekpere.

Berlin Wall na map na-agba site n'ebe ugwu gaa n'ebe ndịda, agafe otu obodo. N'abalị nke itoolu na October 10, 1989 na eze meghere ókè-ala n'etiti na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke German isi obodo.

Wall na omenala

N'ihi na afọ abụọ, malite na 2010, a ncheta mgbagwoju "Berlin Wall" e wuru. Na map ọ na-ewe banyere anọ hectare. iri-na-asatọ na nde euro e nyekwara ike a ncheta.

The ncheta mejupụtara "Windows Memory" (na nsọpụrụ nke ndị Germany, jiri mgbe amapụ site windo n'okporo ámá East German Bernauer Straße, nke bụ na-ama na Federal Republic of Germany). Ke adianade do, mgbagwoju agụnye banye n'Ụlọ Ekpere nke ná mma.

Ma, ọ bụghị naanị na na omenala nke ama Berlin Wall. Photo egosi, eleghị anya ndị kasị ibu na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke graffiti gallery n'okpuru oghe igwe. Ọ bụrụ na ndị East ike obibia bụ ekwe omume, n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, ihe niile decked ukwuu nka Eserese nke n'okporo ámá nka.

Ke adianade do, nke bụ isiokwu nke "ndị ọchịchị aka ike nke na aro" ike deere na ọtụtụ songs, edemede ọrụ, fim na egwuregwu kọmputa. Ka ihe atụ, ọnọdụ nke abalị nke itoolu na October 1989 na-raara nye song "Wind of Change" ìgwè ka akpị, fim "good bye, Lenin!" Volfganga Bekkera. Na otu onye nke kaadị ke egwuregwu Call nke ọrụ: Black Ops e kere ebe nchekwa nke ihe ndị na hapụkwara "Charlie."

eziokwu

The uru nke ọdịda nke Berlin Wall apụghị overemphasized. Nke a na ihe mgbochi nke a ọchịchị aka ike hụrụ n'ụzọ doro anya ọjọọ nkịtị, ọ bụ ezie na na oge kasị gbara arụkwaghịm na mbụ.

Na-akpali mmasị, ná mmalite afọ ndị kasị ugboro ugboro defectors ndị vostochnonemetskie agha ekpemede mgbidi. Ma e nwere ndị ma ihe ma ọ bụ obere - iri na otu puku mkpara.

Karịsịa mara mma na iri-na-ise nke ya liquidation bụ Berlin Wall. Photo-egosi a na-ele nke ìhè si n'elu. Ụmụnne abụọ Bauder mere site haziri nzukọ, nke bụ ike a na-aga n'ihu warara nke na-enwu ọkụ nke dum ogologo nke mbụ mgbidi.

Ikpe ikpe site ntuli aka, ọdịda nke okporo rijuo afọ n'elu GDR bi karịa Germany. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere nnukwu ihe eruba ma ntụziaka na mmalite afọ. East Germany tụbara ulo na gara a na ano na mmadụ na-echebe Germany. Na uchu ndị Federal Republic of Germany chọrọ ọnụ ala na GDR, karịsịa ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ hapụrụ ụlọ.

N'oge na ịdị adị nke Berlin Wall na East akara ọ na-efu ugboro isii na-erughị na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ.

Na nke ọ bụla igbe na video egwuregwu World na aghara (mkpoko Edition) dina a mpempe mgbidi na a akwụkwọ nke izi ezi.

Ya mere, ke ibuotikọ emi, anyị na-emehe na ngosipụta nke akụ na ụba, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ideological nkewa nke ụwa na nkera nke abụọ nke iri na abụọ na narị afọ.

Jisie gị, hụrụ n'anya na-agụ akwụkwọ!