The Council of Trent na ihe ndị kasị mkpa na-arụpụta nke ọrụ ya

XIX Ecumenical Council of Trent 1545-1563 afọ ghọrọ otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị mkpa milestones nke Katọlik. Kasị nabatara nkwenkwe nke ọkara a na narị afọ iri gasịrị, na-anọgide nti. High Assembly nke ndị ndú ime mmụọ nke Catholic Church gbakọtara elu nke Ndozigharị ahụ, mgbe ewe iwe ókè na a ndụ okomoko ndú okpukpe n'ebe ugwu Europe jụrụ ịnakwere ikike nke Pope. The Council of Trent na ihe ndị kasị mkpa na-arụpụta nke ọrụ ya bụ bụrụkwa "ọjọọ" ka ndị ndozigharị, na-akanye a milestone Ndozigharị nke XVI narị afọ.

The ime mmụọ ndabere nke ndị agha

Catholic Church na njedebe nke XV narị afọ, lekwasị ya aka a otutu ala na akwakọba akụ na ụba. Na Europe, njupụta bụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri - a ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke collection of uru si akuku ma ọ bụ ego ego. Church biri lavishly, mgbe a ịrịba akụkụ nke kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi bụ ndị ogbenye. Eziokwu a ghara ikwe na ntọala nke okwukwe, ikike nke chọọchị. Ke adianade do, poopu na n'ọtụtụ ebe gbapụ ahia indulgences - pụrụ iche diplọma "n'ihi ngbaghara mmehie." N'ihi na a ụfọdụ ego nke mmadụ indulgences, n'agbanyeghị mkpa nke iwe ga-hapụrụ mmehie niile. Dị otú ahụ sales njọ n'anya ndị kwere ekwe. Ndozigharị The Center Germany, bụ nke dị mgbe ezughi ezu na-ele anya dị ka a "patchwork quilt". Against a ọjọọ na-akpakọrịta, e kpebiri ikpokota ndị Council of Trent.

Ịrịba Ama mmebi nke ịtụkwasị obi nke ndị Catholic Church si mesoo ụmụ mmadụ. Ya ndú Erazm Rotterdamsky. Na akwụkwọ nta ahụ, "Otuto Nzuzu" humanist sharply ikpe-adịghị emezi emezi na amaghi na nke ndị ụkọchukwu. Ọzọ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke German madu bụ Ulrich von Hutten, emi papal Rome iro nke German reunification. M ga tinye mere ka iyatesịt n'etiti ndị na-efe na na ememe okpukpe asụsụ Latin, nke nkịtị parish aghọtaghị.

nchèghari

Ndozigharị aghọwo a zuru ụwa ọnụ ịma aka ndị fundamentals nke Catholic Church. N'ihi na ọtụtụ akụkụ na ọ na-eduzi megide Ndozigharị ndị mkpebi ndị Council of Trent. The mbụ echiche bụ na-jide a nkwonkwo nzukọ nke Council onyeisi oche site Pope na ndị ndú nke Ndozigharị. Otú ọ dị, mkparịta ụka, kama akwụkwọ esemokwu okpu.

October 31, 1517 Martin Lyuter kpọgidere ụzọ nke Wittenberg Church ya "95 adian" ike katọọ ndị ahia indulgences. N'oge na-adịghị, ọtụtụ iri puku ndị mmadụ ghọrọ ndị na-akwado nke Luther echiche. Na 1520, ndị Pope agbala a ehi nke ịchụpụ si na chọọchị nke onye mọnk. Luther n'ihu ọha ọkụ ya, nke pụtara na ndị ikpeazụ okpukpu na Rome. Martin Luther jụrụ chọọchị, ọ chọrọ ka ọ dịkwuo mfe. mgbanwe postulates ndị doro anya na ihe niile:

• -Nchu-àjà nwere ike ịlụ di, yi nkịtị uwe, na-erube isi n'iwu ndị nkịtị ka niile.
• The Lutheran chọọchị jụrụ oyiyi na ọkpụkpụ nke Kraịst na Virgin.
• The Bible - nanị isi iyi nke okwukwe nke ndị Kraịst.

ntoputa nke Protestantism

Emperor Charles V kpebiri itinye aka ikpe. Na 1521, Luther rutere Reichstag na Worms. N'ebe ahụ, ọ jụrụ jụ ya echiche, ma Luther jụrụ. Iwe iwe, na ndị eze ukwu hapụrụ nzute. On ụzọ n'ụlọ on Luther wakporo, ma Saxon Elector Frederick ndị maara ihe na-azoputa ya ezo na ya obí eze. Enweghị Martina Lyutera Ndozigharị akwụsịghị.

Na 1529, Eze Ukwu Charles V nke si n'ezi ofufe dapụ chọrọ ime naanị Catholic okpukpe na ókèala nke Nsọ Roman Empire (N'eziokwu - Germany). Ma 5 isi, na nkwado nke 14 n'obodo mkpesa. Site na oge ndị na-akwado nke Ndozigharị, ndị Katọlik malitere na-akpọ ndị Protestant.

The agha na Ndozigharị

N'oge ya ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme na Catholic Church amaghị miri emi otú ahụ ọgba aghara, nke malitere Ndozigharị maka ya. Na nkwado nke Catholic mba na popu Rome isi malitere ifịk ifịk agha "na Protestant heresy." The usoro nke jikoro iji na halting na mmechi nke Ndozigharị echiche na mmegharị, a na-akpọ Ndozigharị. The akpalite na ihe ndị a bụ Council of Trent na 1545.

Malitere imegide Ndozigharị ji a revival nke ochie Njụta Okwukwe, na ntiwapụ na gburu ọtụtụ narị "Protestant jụrụ okwukwe." Inquisitors meriela ebipụta. Enweghị ha ikike, ọ gaghị ekwe omume na-ebipụta a otu ọrụ ahụ, "ihe ọjọọ" akwụkwọ na-eweta a pụrụ iche "index nke machibidoro akwụkwọ" nke a ga-akpọ ha ọkụ.

The Catholic mgbanwe

Ndozigharị ahụ kewara Catholic ụwa na ọkara, ma na n'etiti XVI na narị afọ Europe tụrụ anya na ọnọdụ nwere ike ka na-agbazi. Ọ bụ naanị na ọ dị mkpa na na search maka idozi, n'akụkụ abụọ emeela a nzọụkwụ kwupụta onye ọ bụla ọzọ. Ya mere, anyị chere na ọ bụghị naanị na nkịtị kwere ekwe, ma akụkụ nke kadinal na Bishọp. Si n'etiti ha, ndị ọzọ n'ịkwụsi olu nke ndị kpọrọ maka Holy Lee ka omume nke chọọchị mgbanwe.

Poopu lara azụ a ogologo oge tupu n'ikwere akakabarede. N'ikpeazụ, na 1545, Pope Paul III kpọkọrọ ndị Ecumenical Council. Ebe nke Council of Trent na-ezo aka n'obodo Trento (Italy). O mere intermittently ruo mgbe 1563, ntụgharị afọ 18.

Mmeri nke ndị ndozigharị nke Catholic Church

Site ná mmalite, ndị na-kansul kewaa abụọ iche iche - akwado nke Catholic mgbanwe na ya na-emegide. Na arụmụka kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ ikpeazụ meriri. N'okpuru ha nsogbu, anyị na-na-e isi mkpebi ndị Council of Trent, idozi ọnọdụ nke Catholic okwukwe maka ọtụtụ narị afọ.

The popu nwere iji kagbuo ere ịndọljens, kama iji hụ ọdịnihu nke Catholic Church ike a na netwọk nke na seminarị. Ha ga-akwadebe mgbidi nke Catholic-nchu-àjà nke a ọhụrụ ụdị na agụmakwụkwọ ha abụghị usụhọde na Protestant ndị nkwusa.

Trent: ihe ọ pụtara na pụtara

Katidral ghọrọ a Catholic omume Protestantism. Ọ e nwere site Pope Paul III na 1542, ma n'ihi ndị Franco-German agha, nzukọ mbụ wee ebe naanị na 1945. Cathedral E duziri site atọ poopu. A ngụkọta nke 25 nzukọ, ma naanị na 13 sessions buru mkpa mkpebi ndị na-emetụta okwukwe, omenala ma ọ bụ inye iwu.

Trent bụ n'etiti ndị kasị dị ịrịba ama na ihe mere eme nke Catholic Church. Kuchiri ná nzukọ nke nkwenkwe ndị metụtara ndị set nke ajụjụ ndị bụ isi. Ka ihe atụ, na isi mmalite nke okwukwe, mma ndị so Akwụkwọ Nsọ akwụkwọ e kwuru. Mgbe Council tụlere ụfọdụ nkwenkwe nke ndị Protestant jụrụ. Na ndabere nke mkparịta ụka ọ adi àgwà indulgence.

The mbipụta nke sacraments nke Baptism na nkwenye, Evrahistii na penance, na sacrament nke ihe àjà nke St. Efe ofufe adịghị, alụmdi na nwunye. Nke a na-ekwesi olu usoro e dechara ngwọta nke purgatory, na ife ndi nsọ na na.

Pope Pius IX mma conciliar iwu nke 1564. Mgbe ọnwụ ya, Pope St. Pius V nyere enen Council katkizim emelitere na emelitere breviary missal.

Council of Trent: isi mkpebi

• The inviolability of the Church hierarchy, na Mass na nkwupụta mmehie.
• Ichebe asaa sacraments, na-efe nsọ oyiyi.
• Nkwenye nke mediation ọrụ nke chọọchị ahụ na ikike kasị nke Pope n'ime ya.

Trent tọrọ ntọala maka emelite na-ewusi ike na Catholic Church ịdọ aka ná ntị. O gosiri na okpukpu na Protestantism ghọrọ ikpeazụ.

Ozizi nke Council of Trent on Oriri Nsọ

The Council of Trent (1545-1563) kwara nke nke Oriri Nsọ n'oge dum oge nke ya, mmejuputa iwu. Ha na-atọ dị mkpa iwu emeela

• "Iwu na Holy Oriri Nsọ" (1551).
• "Iwu na udo nke abụọ iche iche na udo obere ụmụaka» (16.VII.1562).
• "Iwu na Kasị Nsọ Àjà nke Nkume" (17 H.1562).

Trent echebe, n'elu niile, ndị ezigbo ọnụnọ Kraịst na Oriri Nsọ na otú ọ na-egosi n'okpuru ọnụnọ nke oyiyi nke wine na achịcha na nraranye - «transubstantiatio». N'ezie, nke a bụ a nkịtị ụzọ elucidation, n'ihi na gburugburu a nkọwa zuru ezu nke kpọmkwem otú ọ na-eme «transubstantiatio», esemokwu so ọkà mmụta okpukpe.

Na mbụ na ọ chere na Kraịst nọ na Timoti, mgbe efe ofufe adịghị, ma ọ bụrụ na ka nsọ ahụ na ọbara. The Council of Trent enen a. O nwekwara a na-egosi na a ọkpụrụkpụ njirimara n'etiti aja nke Nsọ Service na àjà nke Kraịst na obe.

Mgbe Council of Trent ọkà mmụta okpukpe ọzọ lekwasị a warara ọhụụ nke Oriri Nsọ a na ọnụnọ Kraịst na na àjà ọdịdị nke Mass. Nke a na obibia Protestant ume na nri. Karịsịa a ọtụtụ kwuru banyere àjà Mass, na ezie na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ gọrọ agọ na nke a bụ nanị àjà Jizọs Kraịst chụrụ, overemphasis àjà Service onwe ya n'onwe ya nwere ike na-enye echiche na a àjà gbara alụkwaghịm na - mbụk. Ke adianade do, oké mesiri ike na onye nchụàjà n'oge ije ozi nke Timoti bụ a "nke abụọ Christ", ka budata belata ọrụ nke-eguzosi ike n'ihe ndị mmadụ na efe ofufe adịghị.

ọgwụgwụ

Mma site Council of Trent emie n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na-agbanweghi agbanwe ọbọhọ. The Catholic Church ndụ dị ka iwu nakweere afọ 500 gara aga. Ọ bụ ya mere Council of Trent, ọtụtụ ihe kasị mkpa kemgbe nkewa nke a otu chọọchị Katọlik na Protestant.