Biosphere: ókè nke Biosphere. The mejupụtara nke Biosphere na ókè-ala. The elu ókè nke ala Biosphere

The Biosphere-atụle ga- a shei nke Earth, bi ndụ nke na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-agbanwe ya ná ndụ ya nile.

History of ọmụmụ

The echiche nke Biosphere dị ka ndị dị ndụ ebe bataworo sayensị Zhan Batist De Lamarck ke akpa ọkara nke XIX narị afọ. Ọ bụ ya na-bịara ezigbo ya nghọta. Ma okwu e chepụtara site Austrian ọkà mmụta sayensị Edward Suess. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ubi nke geology na Biosphere ghọtara ozuzu oke nke niile ntule. Ugbu a, nke a pụtara na okwu bụ "Biota". Suess ọkọnọ ya amụma na nnyocha pụta ke ọwọrọetop inem "The Face nke Earth", nke na-akọwa geology nke Alps.

The oge a echiche nke Biosphere chepụtara Russian ọkà mmụta sayensị geochemist nke nwere Encyclopedic ihe ọmụma na ọtụtụ ubi nke sayensị - Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky. Dị ka a prọfesọ nke mineralogy na Moscow University, ọ ghọrọ akwụkwọ nke "Biosphere" oké ọrụ, nke e bipụtara na 1926. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ a, o nyere ndị mbụ zuru ezu definition nke a okwu.

V. Vernadsky ezi kweere na Biosphere - bụ a nnukwu concentric nke ebe Earth, nke na-arụ ọrụ nke isi geochemical ike. N'ihi ya, ọ bụ a ohere ebe ndụ dị ugbu a ma ọ bụ mgbe dị, ya bụ, maka Biosphere e ji ọnụnọ nke ndụ ntule ma ọ bụ ha metabolic ngwaahịa.

The ụdị nke bekee na Biosphere

V. I. Vernadsky ọdịiche ọtụtụ ụdị nke ihe na-etolite ndabere nke Biosphere.

1. N'ezie ndụ umi, nke na-kpụrụ a set nke ntule.
2. Nri nke na-kpụrụ n'oge na mgbe ọrụ nke ntule foduru. Ọ bụ banyere mbara ikuku, haruru, coal, mmanụ na na.
3. Inert ihe onwunwe nke a kpụrụ na-enweghị aka nke ntule.
4. Bioinert umi - a compound n'ihi ọrụ nke ntule na njikọ na abiogenic Filiks.

Biosphere ókè na-ekpebisi ike dị na ọnụnọ nke n'elu plurality nke bekee n'ụwa shells.

Ibi okwu na Biosphere

O doro anya na ihe ndị bụ isi ike Filiks na geochemical n'ihu na obligatory òkè ndụ okwu. V. I. Vernadsky chepụtara echiche nke ya. Ibi okwu - niile ndụ ntule adị ugbu a, a otu set nke mmiri, nke na-kwupụtara na elemental chemical mejupụtara, ibu na ume.

Isi ihe onwunwe nke ndụ okwu bụ ya ọrụ ruru ka mmekọrịta na gburugburu ebe obibi mgbe nile potassium eruba. The iyi kpụrụ n'oge ume, oriri na-edozi, amụba. Nke a ọzọ, nke dị oké mkpa na ọrụ nke ntule nwere ike ga-atụle ka a dị ike na mbara geological agwa nke usoro.

Na-adịgide adịgide Mbugharị nke chemical ọcha n'etiti organism na gburugburu ebe obibi ma na ntụziaka nọgidere. Mmejuputa usoro a bụ na o kwere omume ekele mbọhọ elementrị chemical mejupụtara nke ntule na chemical mejupụtara nke Ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ.

Osisi na-ebu photosynthesis, na Biosphere ike mgbagwoju organic ụmụ irighiri na-enwe a nnukwu ọkọnọ nke ike. N'ihi ya, ndị dị ndụ okwu accumulates na-agbanwe yiri na radiant ike nke anyanwụ. N'ịga ike ahụ kwe omume n'ihi na mgbe nile na mmepe. Speed amụba, dị ka n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-atụle V. I. Vernadsky, bụ ọnụego ya na nke ume na-agafere na geochemical Biosphere.

ókè

Part nke Biosphere, nke e nwere na-ebi ugbu ntule, a na-akpọ neobiosferoy. Ndị ọzọ okwu, oge a. Na ohere na-obibi na oge ochie ntule bụ paleobiosfery.

Ngụkọta uka nke Geosphere planet bụ banyere 2420 nde tọn. Nke a bara uru bụ 200 ugboro uka nke ikuku. N'ihi ya, anyị nwere ike ikwubi na ndị dị ndụ ihe oyi akwa na ngụkọta uka Geospheres negligible.

The nso na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nwere ime mgbanwe nke ntule ime ka "vsyudnost ndụ." Ndụ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ biri na oké osimiri na oké osimiri, mgbe ahụ, mụtara na ala. Dị ka Vernadsky, ndị mejupụtara na ókè nke Biosphere na-agbanwe ugbu a.

Ọ ga-kwuru na, n'adịghị ka ndị ọzọ terrestrial shells nwere ike iche na Biosphere mgbagwoju. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ nke "cover" nke dị adị na bụ ebe obibi nke a plurality nke ntule, nke nwere ike na-agụnye ndị mmadụ.

Biosphere ókè kọwaa dị ka ndị a. Ọ mejupụtara ala ikuku mpaghara, elu nkebi nke lithosphere na niile hydrosphere. Na elu nke ikuku, ji oyi, ala nsogbu, na ogbu mmiri nke oké osimiri, na nsogbu nke nwere ike ịbụ ruo 12,000 atmospheres, - niile a Biosphere. Ókè nke Biosphere otú n'obosara n'ihi nke ukwuu dịgasị iche iche nke okpomọkụ ndidi nke ntule.

Ọ ga-kwuru na e nwere bacteria nke nwere ike adị vacuo. Ebe ndị chemical ọnọdụ nke mmegharị dịkwa nnọọ n'uju. The n'ezie bụ ịdị adị nke ntule, n'ihi na ihe atụ, n'okpuru mgbe nile mmetụta nke ionizing radieshon. Studies na-egosi na ụfọdụ ụdị nwere gbasiri na na ụfọdụ ibiere ha kwere omume ọbụna n'èzí Biosphere.

Tụkwasị na nke a bụ isi mmadụ, ndụ nke ntule n'ihi na mgbe niile nke ugbu a biogenic atọm.

The elu ókè nke ala Biosphere

idi iche iche elu n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa ndụ na ikuku. Na ebe nke South na North okporo osisi, a uru bụ 8-10 km, nso ụwa - 17-18 km, n'elu niile ndị ọzọ ebe - 20-25 km. N'ihi ya, ndụ jupụtara na naanị troposphere - ala akụkụ nke ikuku

The anụ ịgba dissemination nke ndụ na ikuku bụ na ala ịgba nke ozone Layer.

hydrosphere

Hydrosphere kpụrụ oké osimiri, oké osimiri, ọdọ mmiri, osimiri na ice. Mgbe niile ogbu bụ ndụ. Ihe ka nnọọ ọtụtụ nke ndu eme ntule nwere elu n'ígwé na ala gbara osimiri okirikiri. Ma ọbụna na a omimi nke 11.022 mita, ihe nke ọma na ịda mbà n'obi nke oké osimiri (Meri), e nwere bi. Neobiosfera na-agụnye sediments na-otu ugboro home oge ochie e kere eke.

The ala ókè nke ala Biosphere

Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekwu banyere lithosphere, ala, n'ezie, bụ nke kasị n'ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ya bed, ma chọpụtara na ịdị adị nke ndụ bụ miri nnọọ emi - odika 6-7 kilomita na nzuzo. Nke a na-emetụta, na n'elu ihe nile, miri gbawatụrụ agbawa na n'ọgba.

Ntule bi Biosphere

Ibi ntule na-kewara abụọ dị iche iche, dabere na usoro nke na-amị ume dị mkpa maka ndụ: autotrophic na heterotrophic. The ebe obibi nke ma iche iche bụ Biosphere. Biosphere ókè na-kọwaa ha nkesa.

Anọchitekwa anya nke autotrophic ntule ha nri na-adịghị metụtara ihe ọ bụla ọzọ dị ndụ. Nke a na-achọ ha ìhè anyanwụ ma ọ bụ ike nke chemical nkekọ nke inorganic ogige. Na, na, na ndị ọzọ na ike ga-eji dị ka a ike isi iyi, mgbe ike ha na-enweta site na ịnweta bekee.

Autotrophs na-kewara abụọ subgroups. Ọ phototrophs (ndụ ndụ) na chemotroph (bacteria). The mbụ na-enwe ike idi naanị na penetration nke ìhè anyanwụ. Ma nke abụọ, site n'iji chemical ogige nke ihe organic ọdịdị a ike isi iyi, ọ bụ ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ ọsọ.

Heterotrophs Kama nke ahụ, dị ka isi mmalite nke ike na ike chọrọ organic bekee na-emepụta site na ndị ọzọ ntule. Nke ahụ bụ, na-enweghị mbido ọrụ autotrophs ịdị adị ha agaghị ekwe omume. Anụmanụ na ndị mmadụ, dị ka a obibi nke Biosphere, bụ heterotrophic ntule.

"Film of Life"

The unevenness nke nkesa ndụ - nke a bụ otu n'ime ihe dị mkpa atụmatụ, nke e ji Biosphere. Ókè nke Biosphere nwere kasị ala njupụta nke ndụ. Ọtụtụ ahụ kwukwara na nkwụsị nke ebe. Ke ofụri ofụri, nkesa ndụ na Biosphere bụ n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama mkpumkpu. V. I. Vernadsky ẹkenam okwu "film nke ndụ" na-akọwa na-enyemaka nke ndị mmadụ kasị biri ebe nke Biosphere. kọntaktị ókè "ala-ikuku." - ọ bụ nke mbụ nke a na fim, ya ọkpụrụkpụ bụ banyere 2 to 3 cm na-anọchi anya abụọ kọntaktị mpaghara "ikuku na-ala" -pribrezhnaya warara na upwelling mpaghara. The atọ mpaghara na-anọchi anya euphotic Ocean (200 m), m. E. Free penetration ebe nke anyanwụ ray.

N'ihi ya, ndụ yie "ihu nke ụwa," na-nwere njikọ chiri na echiche nke "Biosphere". Ókè nke Biosphere - a ókè ndụ.

Gbasara ohere-ọtọ nzukọ - a usoro iji hụ na "ndị geological afọ ihe nile dị ndụ." Man, dị ka a obibi nke Biosphere, tinyere ndị ọzọ heterotrophic ntule bụ kpọmkwem soò na ike okirikiri na-akwado ndụ na Earth.