Bosnian nsogbu nke 1908-1909. na ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-arụpụta

Na October 1908, Austria-Hungary weghaara gbara agbata obi Bosnia and Herzegovina, nke mere na Europe bụ na brink nke a isi agha. N'ihi na ọtụtụ ọnwa, na Old World nọ na-eche na bated ume ibe. All soro mgbalị nke na-ekwuchitere mba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iji zere a ọdachi. Ihe omume ndị a bịara mara dị ka ndị Bosnian nsogbu. N'ihi ya, oké ike na-emezughị na-ekweta, na esemokwu e mechara kpezie. Otú ọ dị, oge gosiri na ọ bụ Balkan bụ ihe mgbawa n'ókè nke Europe. Taa, Bosnian nsogbu na-hụrụ ka a buteere Mbụ Agha Ụwa.

prerequisites

Mgbe ẹkụre Russian-Turkish agha nke 1877 - 1878 afọ. Berlin kwadoro nnọkọ mba, nke na eze nwetara ọhụrụ itinye n'ọnọdụ nke ndị agha na Balkans. Dị ka 25th isiokwu nke nkwekorita, aka na isi obodo nke Germany, Bosnia, nke mbụ bụ nke ọchịchị Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman, ji site Austria-Hungary. Otú ọ dị, mkpebi a mara ya aka site mbon si Serbia. Nke a na obodo ka a tọhapụrụ site na Turkish na-achị, na ya ọchịchị egwu na ọrụ nke Habsburg Empire iduga eziokwu ahụ bụ na Austrians emecha ẹkemụm Belgrade.

Ndị a na-atụ egwu nwere ya ala. The Habsburgs nwere ruo ogologo oge ewuwo image anakọta Slavic ala (Slav guru nke 60% nke ndị bi na nke Austria-Hungary). N'ihi na nke a bụ eziokwu na ndị eze ukwu na Vienna dara dịrị n'otu n'okpuru ya mkpanaka nke Germany (Prussia mere) mesịrị chere ihu ya n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Austria ama achịkwa Bohemia, Slovenia, Croatia, Slovakia, Bukovina, Galicia, Kraków na-achọghị ka biri na ya.

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Mgbe 1878 Bosnia nọ n'okpuru na-arụ nke Austria, n'agbanyeghị na iwu ọnọdụ bụghị e akpatre kpebisiri ike. A nke ruo oge ụfọdụ e-egbu oge. Isi onye nke Serbia mba na mba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ Russia (nwekwara Slavic na Orthodox obodo). Na St. Petersburg, n'usoro chebe ọdịmma nke Belgrade. Alaeze Ukwu nwere ike itinye nsogbu na Habsburgs, ma ọ bụghị ime ya. Ọ ejikọrọ na bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado nke ndị tripartite nkwekọrịta nke Russia, Germany na Austria. N'ókèala nyere onye ọ bụla ọzọ a nkwa nke na-abụghị ime ihe ike na ikpe nke na agha.

Nke a na usoro bụ ruru eru mmekọahụ nke Alexander II na Alexander III, otú ahụ Bosnian nsogbu e nkenke echefu. "Union nke atọ eze ukwu" akpatre osụhọ ke 1887 n'ihi na nke ndị agha dị n'etiti Austria na Russia metụtara Bulgaria na Serbia. Mgbe nke a ezumike na Vienna kwụsịrị-agbụ site ọ bụla ọrụ na Romanovs bụ. Nke nta nke nta na Austria na-eto esiwanye ịlụ agha na expansionist mmetụta kwupụta Bosnia.

Ọdịmma nke Serbia na Turkey

The Balkans mgbe nile a nnukwu ite na a yi agbụrụ bi. Nations na-weere na onye ọ bụla ọzọ, na ọ bụ mgbe siri ike ikpebi ebe ọ bụ ala nke ọtụtụ iwu. Nke ahụ bụ ikpe na-Bosnia. Na nkera nke abụọ nke XIX narị afọ, 50% nke ndị bi na ndị Serbia. Ha bụ ndị Ọtọdọks, na Bosniaks - Alakụba. Ma ọbụna ha esịtidem emegiderịta ghọrọ tupu Austrian iyi egwu.

Ọzọ n'akụkụ nke ogu bụ ọchịchị Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman. The Turkish ala nwere ọtụtụ iri afọ nọrọ na a na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nsogbu. Tupu a alaeze bụ dum nke Balkans na ọbụna Hungary, na usuu ndị agha ya ugboro abụọ nọchigide Vienna. Ma ná mmalite nke XX narị afọ ndị mbụ ịma mma na ịdị ukwuu mba Chọpụta na-anọgide. Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman ẹkenịmde a obere stub nke ala Thrace na na Europe ama gbara ya gburugburu ọjọọ Slavic na-ekwu.

Obere oge tupu ndị Bosnian nsogbu mere n'oge okpomọkụ nke 1908 na Young Turk mgbanwe malitere na Turkey. Sultans ike bụ mmachi, na ọchịchị ọhụrụ ọzọ àmà siri ikwusa ha na-ekwu na ndị nke mbụ Balkan n'ógbè.

Omume Austrian diplomacy

Austrians akpatre iweghara Bosnia, ọ dị mkpa iji guzogide bụghị naanị Turks, kamakwa ọtụtụ European ike: Russia, France, Britain, Italy na Serbia. Habsburg ọchịchị, dị ka na mbụ, kpebiri mbụ kweere na Old World nche. Okwu na-ekwuchitere mba nke mba ndị a mere Alois von Aehrenthal, bụ ndị jere ozi dị ka mba ọzọ ozi.

The mbụ mie site ndị Ịtali. Ha jisiri kwenye nkwado nke Austria-Hungary n'ọnọdụ eziokwu na Vienna na-agaghị egbochi ha n'agha ha na na Turkey maka onwunwe nke Libya. Sultan mesịrị kweta cede Bosnia mgbe e kwere nkwa akwụ ụgwọ na size nke 2.5 nde pound. Omenala Austria akwado Germany. Wilhelm II onwe-enwe ndị Sultan, onye nwere oké mmetụta.

Mkparita Russia na Austria-Hungary

Bosnian nsogbu nke 1908 nwere ike agwụ na ọdachi ma ọ bụrụ Russia megidere annexation. Ya mere, mkparita uka Aehrenthal na Aleksandra Izvolskogo (nwekwara Minister nke Ọzọ Affairs) karịsịa ogologo na ike. Na September, ndị ọzọ ruru a mbido agreement. Russia kwetara ka annexation nke Bosnia, mgbe Austria kwere nkwa mara nri nke Russian agha mmiri kpamkpam gabiga Black Sea isi ike na-achịkwa Turkey.

N'ezie, ọ pụtara na ndị gbahapụrụ nke mbụ Berlin nkwekọrịta na 1878. Ọnọdụ na-mgbagwoju anya site na eziokwu na Isvolsky negotiated ikike n'elu, na Aehrenthal egwuri a abụọ egwuregwu. The na-ekwuchitere mba kwetara na annexation ga-eme mgbe e mesịrị, mgbe ọ bụ adaba kwuru oge. Otú ọ dị, a ụbọchị ole na ole mgbe ọpụpụ ya malitere Izvolski Bosnian nsogbu. International esemokwu kpasue Austria, nke bụ October 5 mara ọkwa annexation nke ụka n'ógbè. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị Isvolsky jụrụ ịsọpụrụ nkwekọrịta.

The mmeghachi omume na annexation

Enweghị afọ ojuju na mkpebi nke Viennese ọchịchị kwuru na Russia, Britain na France. Mba ndị a na-ama-kere Entente - mmekorita eduzi megide Germany ma na-ewusi ya kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi mmekorita, Austria. Na Vienna dara mkpesa ndetu.

Ma Britain na France anaraghị ndị ọzọ kpam kpam ihe. The Bosnian nke na London na Paris na-emeso na ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-enweghị mmasị karịa nsogbu nke onunu Straits.

The nchikota ndi mmadu di na Serbia na Montenegro

Ọ bụrụ na ndị West annexation "loro" na Serbia si Vienna ozi ọma mere ka ọha na eze na ọgba aghara. October 6 (ụbọchị mgbe annexation), ndị ọchịchị mara ọkwa nchikota ndi mmadu di.

Otu e mere na ha gbara agbata obi Montenegro. Na ma Slavic mba chere na ọ dị mkpa ka gaa nnapụta nke ibi Bosnia Serbia, chere ihu iyi egwu nke Austrian-achị.

njedebe

October 8, ndị German Government amara gị ọkwa na Vienna na ihe omume nke agha alaeze nwere ike ịgụ na nkwado nke ya n'ebe ugwu onye agbata obi. Nke a ogbugbu di mkpa maka militarists na Habsburg akwado ọchịchị ya. Onye Ndú nke "agha" party bụ Chief nke Staff Conrad von Hettsendorf. Ịmụta banyere German support, ọ tụrụ aro na Emperor Franz Joseph ikwu okwu na ndị Serbia si a ọnọdụ nke ike. Ya mere na-a oké njọ iyi egwu nyere udo Bosnian nsogbu nke 1908 na oké ike na obere na-ekwu malitere ịkwadebe maka agha.

Austrian agha malitere sere na ókè. The naanị ihe mere ndị na-anọghị nke iji agha bụ nghọta nke ndị ọchịchị na Russia ga-ebili ka Serbia, nke ga-eduga ọtụtụ ibu nsogbu karịa a "obere mmeri".

Bosnian nsogbu nke 1908 - 1909 afọ. nkenke a kọwara n'isiokwu a. Chọpụta, enye otụk ọtụtụ metụtara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị arena.

The results na ya pụta

The Russian ọchịchị kwuru na mba ahụ bụ adịghị njikere maka a agha na abụọ asakde iso ese megide Germany na Austria, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ka ruo ọgwụgwụ ga-akwado ndị Serbia. The isi bụ Prime Minister Pyotr Stolypin. Ọ chọghị agha, na-atụ egwu na ọ ga-eduga ọzọ mgbanwe (ma ọ mere n'ọdịnihu). Ke adianade do, naanị afọ ole na ole gara aga na mba e meriri site Japanese, nke kwuru okwu banyere ndo ala nke agha.

Ọtụtụ ọnwa mkparita uka nọgidere na Limbo. Ọ ghọrọ a bụrụkwa N'ezie nke Germany. Nnochite anya na Russia Friedrich von Pourtalès setịpụụrụ St. Petersburg iwu: ma Russia ga-amata na annexation, ma ọ bụ na-amalite a agha megide Serbia. E nwere nanị otu ụzọ iji kwụsị Bosnian nsogbu nke 1908 - 1909, na ihe nke maka a ogologo oge kwughachiri Balkans.

Russia enwe na Serbia, na nke ikpeazụ ghọtara annexation. Enweghị ọbara hapụrụ Bosnian nsogbu nke 1908 na-emetụta ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-arụpụta mgbe e mesịrị. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe niile biri ọma, esemokwu n'etiti ndị Serbia na Austrians naanị Noa. The Slav achọghị ibi n'okpuru ọchịchị nke Habsburgs. N'ihi ya, na 1914, na Sarajevo, a Serbian-eyi ọha egwu Gavrilo Princip gbara si a egbe gburu onye-nketa na Austrian onyeeze Franz Ferdinand. Ihe omume a dị na oge maka akasiaha World War II.