Cobalt - bụ a chemical mmewere. Cobalt n'ime ahụ mmadụ

An onye nkịtị na-adịghị metụtara onwu na nkà mmụta ọgwụ, dị ka a na-achị, bụ vaguely cobalt uru maka ndụ ha na ahụ ike. Ọzọ mere anyị ji na-esiri ike ịkọwa ihe cobalt - ọ dabere nkesa ke uwa. Dị nnọọ 0,004% - na nke a bụ ọdịnaya na ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ. Otú ọ dị, metal na ya ogige uchu na-eji na ụlọ ọrụ, oru ubi na nkà mmụta ọgwụ. N'isiokwu a, anyị ga na-agbasa ọhụụ nke ọrụ nke cobalt na ndị ụlọ ọrụ, nakwa dị ka na-elekwasị anya na ya na ọrụ na ahụ mmadụ.

Ebe mmewere na oge usoro

Gịnị ebe ndị oge usoro enyene cobalt? Njirimara nke chemical ọcha, nke gụnyere metal anyị n'ihu, na-adabere na ọnọdụ ha na D. I. Mendeleeva table. Ọ na-eji na-otu nke Asatọ (na obere ụdị table - na ígwè chi atọ n'ime otu nke Asatọ). Ma ígwè na nickel ya ikpeazụ atọm ike larịị abụọ electrons, na-egosi na metal nke na d-ọcha na-ekpebi ya isi e ji mara. The metal nwere a valence nke abụọ - II na III. N'ihi na ọ bụ na-ahụkarị onu allotropes, metal mgbanwe nwere ike a cubic ma ọ bụ hexagonal Ọdịdị.

Gịnị bụ cobalt?

Gịnị bụ nkịtị Njirimara nke ihe mmewere? Anya na ọ bụ a metal enwe elu ekweghị ekwe na magnetik Njirimara. Ọlaọcha sheen, ductility na thermal kwụsie ike - ebe a bụ ụfọdụ n'ime anụ ahụ ihe ịrịba ama nke ihe mmewere pụta ụwa nke ọma na abụọ ndị ọzọ nke ndị agbata obi ya na oge table - nickel na ígwè. Ma oxygen ma mmiri adịghị eme ihe na cobalt na nkịtị okpomọkụ. Ya ogige, e.g., smalt, mara ebe ọ bụ na n'oge ochie dị ka bekee ji mee ihe maka-acha anụnụ anụnụ ntụpọ iko na agba? Seramiiki ngwaahịa.

Cobalt - bụ a typical metal, ya chemical Njirimara yiri ígwè. Gịnị bụ atụmatụ nke ya oxides, ndọkwasi nile na salts?

The ogige nke divalent na trivalent cobalt

The ike na-etolite mgbagwoju salts - na isi mma nke Co atọm (III). Ndị bekee na-ejighị n'aka, nchikota nọmba nke cobalt na ha bụ mgbe hà isii. Ha nwere nnukwu oxidative ikike. Nkezi salts, e.g., CoCL ₃ ma ọ bụ Co ₂ (NKE _{4) 3} na-adị mfe ghọọ a nnu nke cobalt - nke a bụ a divalent metal. Anhydrous ya ogige nwere a-acha anụnụ anụnụ na agba, na crystalline hydrates na ngwọta - pink. N'ụzọ dị iche na ndị ọzọ bases, trivalent cobalt hydroxide site mmeghachi omume na ihe acid chloride Nleta a nnu na bụghị nke mmiri, na ahọrọ-ya nime ya a free chlorine. The isi divalent metal ka a-acha anụnụ anụnụ ịkpali enwetara site kpọmkwem mmeghachi omume nke kwekọrọ ekwekọ nnu na alkali. Ebe a ji mara Njirimara nke cobalt emejupụta siri ike ngwọta nke metal bụla ọzọ na - alloys.

Ọ na-enye ihe ahụkebe technical kwa nke iguzogide okpomọkụ, ekweghị ekwe, iguzogide abrasion na corrosion. Alloys nwere cobalt na-eji na-agbachitere ụlọ ọrụ na na chemical rọketi technology mechiri emechi akaghị. Na mmepụta nke ngwá ọrụ steels, ihe na magnetik Njirimara dị ka a dopant a na-eji cobalt. E ji mara Njirimara nke ndị dị otú ahụ ígwè alloy bụ nnọọ iche iche si ot akara ule nke igwe anaghị agba nchara, nwere naanị chromium ma ọ bụ nickel.

Jiri nke cobalt na art

Ihe a atọ nke ihe niile metal emepụta ụwa na-aga na mmepụta nke cermets - wuru ọtụtụ ihe mejupụtara ihe. Solid support nime ya bụ tungsten carbide na nragide, na gwara akụrụngwa eme cobalt. Ọ bụkwa a ụzọ ihe maka mmepụta nke tobaim engines n'ime ụgbọelu.

The dị ọcha metal na-n'ụzọ na-eji, ma were nke cobalt ka a ngwakọta na ndị ọzọ ọcha (ígwè, ọla kọpa, tungsten na chromium) na-ekesa dị iche iche ọrụ. Stellite alloy nwere ruo 60% cobalt, nwere elu okpomọkụ-eguzogide ma na ekweghị ekwe, ọ bụ ihe dị oké mkpa ihe n'ihi na n'ichepụta ịcha ngwá ọrụ na malite ịgba ibe n'ibe na ngwá ọrụ Ndinam. Dị otú ahụ alloying ọcha dị ka tungsten na molybdenum, welie e ji mara ya. Vitalium alloy enwe elu iguzogide plastic deformation, nakwa dere cobalt. E ji mara Njirimara nke compound bụ dị ka ndị: okpomọkụ na-eguzogide na acid-eguzogide ọgwụ, na-eji na imewe nke chemical akụrụngwa: njikọ ogidi, fractionation nkeji. The ọrụ nke alloys na Iguzogide iche iche na ụdị corrosion, dị n'akụkụ na usoro mere nke stellite, iguzogide umuihe na ọma jijiji n'ibu mmegharị na esemokwu na-ebupụta na esịtidem combustion engines.

Ụzọ maka nkwadebe nke cobalt

Dị iche iche na ụlọ ọrụ na-achọ na ojiji nke ihe nwere cobalt. A na-enwekwu ndị ores na mineral, ya bụ na cobalt shpeysa na gloss. The mejupụtara nke a nkume na-agụnye arsenic, ọ na-amanye iji hụkwuo na obi iru ala na n'oké usoro. Ihe bụ isi usoro nke nkwadebe nke cobalt - pyrometallurgy na-eji a na usoro maka nhazi ore sulphate acid. The kasị ekwe na-ego nke silicate na oxide ores, pyrite na pentlandite na China, Russia (na Kola Peninsula, na Republic of Tuva na Krasnoyarsk n'ókèala), nakwa dị ka na Canada.

metal-eji na ugbo na nkà mmụta ọgwụ

Ụfọdụ mkpa Njirimara nwere microelement cobalt, ikwado ya ngwa, n'ihi na ihe atụ, ntọt ke akuku vegetative uka. Na alfalfa, lupine, klova na ndị ọzọ bara uru nri grasses leguminous ezinụlọ, ọ na-esịne ke nitrogen fixation enzymatic Jeremaya mere na-ewere ọnọdụ site na nodule bacteria. Micronutrient erughị eru gosipụtara mgbaàmà ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka achagharị nke lamina na ọnwụ nke ha nwere ikike photosynthesize, ibelata uto Filiks na ndị mebiri nke dum mmepe okirikiri nke osisi. Oké cobalt content kwere omume n'ihi imebi iwu na-eme ka micronutrients. Ebe ọ bụ na ya ogige bụ ukwuu soluble na mmiri, ha ga-ozugbo banye xylem na conductive ọcha (fibrovascular n'ùkwù n'ùkwù) ịdaba mesophyll mpempe akwụkwọ, na-eme achagharị na ebelatawala. Kasị chebaara ngafe Chọpụta mmewere ọka: oat, ọka bali, osikapa.

N'ihi mmiri ọgwụ nke ọrụ nke cobalt ogige

Alaka nke usoro ndu na-amụrụ bi okwu na molekụla na cellular larịị, eguzobewo mkpa ọrụ nke chemical mmewere. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke na-abụghị protein akụkụ nke biologically-arụ ọrụ bekee - enzymes na homonụ. Ka ihe atụ, cobalt na ahụ mmadụ a thyroxine ụmụ irighiri na-emepụta site na thyroid gland na metabolic usoro iwu Filiks. Ọzọ dị mkpa hormone na-achịkwakwa ọbara plasma glucose - insulin. Ọ na-secreted site β-sel nke ntakịrị àgwàetiti nke Langerhans nke pancreas na mejupụtara a cobalt compound. Erighị mmewere na mmadụ mkpụrụ ndụ na akụkụ hụrụ n'oge Transition si mbuaha nri ka erighị anụ, mgbe worm infestations na ọrịa nke digestive usoro. Dị ka ị pụrụ ịhụ, Cobalt - bụ Chọpụta mmewere, kpọrọ-emetụta larịị nke homeostasis na ahụ mmadụ.

The uru nke chemical mmewere ke metabolism

Ọbara, ụmị ọkpụkpụ rụrụ emee na òkè nke cobalt bekee - activators iche enzymes. Otu n'ime ndị isi B vitamin - tsiankobolamin (V _12), na-ekere òkè n'usoro nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie na hematopoietic akụkụ, na-echebe megide anaemia. Proper na echiche ziri ezi nri gụnyere imeju, beef, Erimeri, apricots, beets, ga-enye ndị dị mkpa larịị nke cobalt n'ime ahụ mmadụ (ihe dị ka 40 mg kwa ụbọchị), na ga gbochie ya ọrịa nke dịghịzi, obi na endocrine usoro.