Concrete ụzọ: nkà iwu ụlọ

Ihe bụ isi ihe na-ewu nke okporo ụzọ bụ korota. Mgbe afọ atọ gasịrị a chọrọ ịrụzi ha, na mgbe ahụ kwa afọ mweghachi nke arụmọrụ Njirimara. Concrete ụzọ korota nnọọ ukwuu n'ọtụtụ ụzọ karịa, ma iji ya eme ihe dị nta.

Ihe mere nke a bụ dị ka ndị a:

• erughị eru ewu mmefu ego;
• ala arụpụtaghị;
• ihu igwe;
• okporo ụzọ loading;
• enweghị mkpa iche nke ciment;
• chakoo.

Ke United States, a na mba akụ bụ a ihe n'ụzọ (foto n'okpuru).

Back na 50 na America na West ịghọta ha uru na-ewu bụ na zuru siwing.

Na mbụ, ihe okporo ụzọ na Russia na-ẹkenịm efere, na-akwọ ụgbọala a ụgbọ ala yiri ije nke ụgbọ oloko na tren nkwonkwo. Ugbu a wụsa ya n'ala na mkpuchi bụ ire ụtọ.

Gịnị bụ ihe n'okporo ụzọ?

Concrete ụzọ nwere ndị na-esonụ uru:

• mfe nkwadebe nke ihe mix ;
• High ọsọ stacking;
• elu ike na anwụ ngwa ngwa;
• ezigbo elu, na-enwe ezi adhesion na taya;
• mma ọhụhụ dị ka tụnyere korota n'ihi nke ọma reflectivity.

Concrete ụzọ nwere arụmọrụ uru, nke iso na-ebufe ibu si isiike ihe slab na ọtụtụ ndị isi. Nke a bụ ìhè karịsịa ke ini utọ. Nupụsịrị korota abụkarị irreversibly, dị ka ọ pụtara ìhè site n'ile ruts na ebili mmiri. Concrete n'ala ebelata dị nupụsịrị, mgbe ọbọ mmanụ ụgbọala ego nke ruo 20%.

Environmental uru metụtara na enweghị ala ofufe site mmanụ na ngwaahịa na-eguzo si korota. Mmanụ ụgbọala ego ebelata umu anwuru. Ọ na-kweere na a ọzọ siri ike mkpuchi na-arụpụta ihe mkpọtụ, ma nke a na-abawanye bụ ntakịrị.

Mmetụta teren maka owuwu nke okporo ụzọ

Automotive ihe n'ụzọ a na-wuru na-enyemaka nke dị iche iche teknụzụ. Onye ọ bụla oru ngo bụ dị iche iche. Ugwu ugwu ebe, ụzọ ndị a teren.

N'oge na-ewu nke okporo ụzọ na-agbalị ịgbatị ya: ịda mbà n'obi backfilled, ugwu nta na-ebipụ site na ugwu ẹkenịmde tunnels, overpasses na àkwà mmiri na-wuru. Iji hụ na elu-ọsọ mode na-ewu ụlọ na-agbalị izere nkpoda climbs, agbụrụ na ibe.

Dị iche iche na aghụghọ nke ụzọ isi nhazi ọkwa dabeere na topcoat, nke nwere ike ịbụ-agbanye ma ọ bụ ihe. Asphalt kwesịrị ka a rụzie na 3-4 afọ. Ụfọdụ ogologo osisi n'okporo ụzọ na-amalite na-agbake mgbe ndị na-ewu na-okokụre ma. Concrete ụzọ na-eri 80% ọzọ dị oké ọnụ, ma ọ dịghị achọ mmezi mbụ 10 afọ nke ọrụ. Ya anwụ ngwa ngwa na-ebelata mmezi-akwụ ụgwọ. Mgbe Ịtọ a ihe n'ụzọ rụrụ qualitatively, ọ na-eje ozi ọtụtụ iri afọ na-enweghị overhaul.

Ọdịdị nke ahụ-enwu n'okporo ụzọ

Construction nke ihe okporo ụzọ a rụrụ nke ndị na-esonụ n'ígwé:

• ọzọ,
• underlayment;
• ihe mkpuchi.

ala nkwadebe

Ịwụnye ihe tupu ala nkwadebe na n'ichepụta nke itinye n'ọnọdụ oyi akwa. Ala kwesịrị oké. Nke a na-adị mfe kwupụtara site n'ịrapara ya nchara mmanya 12 mm oké. Ọ ga-abụ onye so na a omimi nke ọ bụla karịrị 60 cm. Ọ bụrụ na akara bụ zuru ezu, na fom n'ihu prosyadet na ihe ida.

Primer tupu ukatyvayut. Karịsịa ntị ka a na ya eji ehi ura. Na nke a, Rolling na-eme na n'ígwé. Ala compaction mere ke kacha mmiri ọdịnaya. Type na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke gafee nke ala ga-ahọrọ experimentally site amị a ule Rolling. Ọ bụrụ na ndị iru mmiri bụ n'okpuru ime uru, ala a ga-gwara. Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ kwa crude, ọ na-mịrị amị echikwapụ, mgbakwunye na nke ájá, slag ma ọ bụ ụzọ ndị ọzọ.

Wastewater

Mgbe wuru ihe n'okporo ụzọ, na technology na-enye maka ndọrọ ego si ha thawed, mmiri ozuzo na iju mmiri mmiri ọbụna tupu ndị na-ewu nke roadbed. Ọrụ a na mpaghara a rụrụ ma na obodo na karịrị.

Ngwa ihe n'okporo ụzọ a tap ọdịda mkpa ntọt ọrụ ndụ ma melite na-akwọ ụgbọala na ọnọdụ. N'elu nke ụzọ bụ ize ndụ ibufe mmiri n'oge ya ije. Akawanye njọ adhesion ka ákwà, ịgba si wheel gbochie nnyocha, na ice kpụrụ n'oge oyi. Ichicha ụzọ n'elu ga-weturu na transverse na longitudinal ntụziaka, na-mere ka agwụ n'ígwé. The isi na-boo site oké ọnụ ma na ọ na-emepụta a echiche ọjọọ ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ma ọ bụ ịdabere ná-gable. The ebe mmiri nwere ike na-anakọta, kwekọọ na kpuchie ala nedreniruyuschim.

Mpụga obodo mmiri si enwu n'okporo ụzọ a na-ewepụ na okporo ụzọ cell. Ha obosara bụ 1-2.5 m The mmiri nakọtara na ha na atara n'ime anata mmiri :. gọta, eke ma ọ bụ aka wuru mmiri, osimiri bed. N'ihi nke a, ndị cell na-emepụta a echiche ọjọọ 1-4% e wusiri ike ahịhịa ahịhịa, ajịrịja nkume, nkume ma ọ bụ ihe detrital.

Obodo gafee mmiri trays na-aga obodo siwa. Ngwaọrụ maka ya retraction mgbe niile kpochara iji nweta ihe a chọrọ throughput.

The mmiri na seeps n'ala, bụ ihe ize ndụ nye ụzọ. Ọ na-nyere ya site n'ígwé nke seepage, dị ka gravel. Ọ enịm drainage ọkpọkọ na slits ma ọ bụ oghere. Ha nwere ike nke plastic, ihe ma ọ bụ seramiiki.

Works na oke nke okporo ụzọ na ìgwè ndị agha thawed, oké mmiri ozuzo na mmiri iju mmiri mere n'ihu na-ewu nke roadbed.

Stacking eji ehi ura oyi akwa

On aja ala 20-40 cm oké ohiri isi. Enweghị ka o kwe omume jikwaa, ma ọ budata egbochikwa eruba nke mmiri si n'ala bilie, na mma drainage. Ọ dị mkpa iji gbochie blurring na ntu oyi awụ ọsọ, na-eduga ọdịdị cavities na cracks na ihe monolith. The nsogbu kasịnụ na-emepụta ala nke ụrọ, peat ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla ọzọ, nke bụ ike imubanye mmiri. Ọ na-ikpe-ebipụ na ala nke Ntụ fractions jụrụ nkume, na mgbe ahụ na gravel. The elu nke n'ígwé mgbe compacting bụ banyere 30 cm. Site ha ọzụzụ na-akwụ ụgwọ na-adabere na otú oge ga-ewu ihe ụzọ. The kacha nta ọkpụrụkpụ nke isi na-adabere na ala ụdị na onodu ubochi na mpaghara. Ọ na-akọwa na tebụl. N'etiti ihe niile n'ígwé nke dị iche iche ihe tọrọ geotextile.

Leveling ọ bụla oyi akwa na-emepụta na nnabata na imewe nke longitudinal na transverse mkpọda.

Stone isi ihe n'ozuzu ike bekee na-enwe na-adịgide adịgide Njirimara. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ simenti ma ọ bụ ulo oru mkpofu: granulated Metallurgical slag na mgbakwunye nke ngwa wayo, ofufe ash nke kwes ike ụgbọ, n'ala slag. The n'ígwé kwesịrị monolithic, na a na-enweta site n'iji nkịtị mebere na-akpachara anya Rolling.

Ruo ndị na-ewu ígwè na-achọkarị ihe ọzọ na-abawanye na ike nke ala oyi akwa. Iji mee nke a, ọ na-ewusi cementitious ikwọ.

formwork

Formwork mere nke osisi rijuru afọ elu, nke bụ 100-150 mm. Ịhọrọ ya elu, ọ ga-ahụ kwuru na n'ọnụ nke ihe slab mere ọgịrịga na-amụba ya ike. Ọkpụrụkpụ nke planks kwesịrị dịkarịa ala 50 mm. Ha mejupụtara na-ntekwasa, mfe mmịpụta si na friji slab. Site na formwork nke osisi ndị chọrọ nke ike nke nzube nke ọhụrụ ihe na agha ịda ini ọrụ tamper.

Ọ bụrụ na ị na-etinye arọ ụzọ ígwè compaction na ihe finishing, ike set nke ígwè formwork. Ọ na-adịghị hie na bụ budata aba. The naanị nwere ya isi, nke enwekwu kwụsie ike.

Nkebi shuttering arụnyere na-akara na ntukwasi-obi ekekọtara. Nke a dị mkpa karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na ị na-eme arọ ihe vibrating ígwè ọrụ. Na ebe belata isi etoju n'okpuru formwork wụsa n'ígwé dabere ihe ka ukwuu kwụsie ike.

Concrete ụzọ: efere n'ichepụta usoro

Tupu na-ebikwasị ihe tent mgbasa nkwonkwo ekwe ka slabs ịkwaga ekwesị na ịgbasapụ na ha mgbasa ma ọ bụ mkpakọ.

1. Mgbasawanye nkwonkwo

Nkedo na ngalaba na-kpamkpam iche. N'ihi grouting ihe onwunwe na-etinyere, amịkọrọ ike: ihe-egbochi ihe paperboard, adụ osisi, okwuchi na bitumen. Iji chebe ya ájá na nkume ndị dị elu onuete ebe a omimi nke 40-50 mm bụ mkpa iji mee waterproofing sealant. Ọ bụrụ na ọ na-adịghị mere na oge, mmụba nke ihe slabs nkume nwere ike imebi ya.

The anya n'etiti stitches na ọnọdụ climates nke 20-30 m pụrụ ịdabere mkpuchi maka ogologo slabs bụ 50% na maka obere -. 85%. Ọ e ji iguzogide cracking n'etiti overhauls. Monolithic mkpuchi-akwado site na ígwè mkpara, enịm ke seams.

Ha na-arụnyere na site n'akụkụ ihu ma ọ bụ na a pụrụ iche ngwaọrụ pavers. Mgbe gaps n'etiti n'akụkụ efere bụ na a anya nke karịa 6 m, na n'elu ihe mkpuchi n'ịnyịnya n'etiti seams ka a omimi nke 1/3 nke ọkpụrụkpụ nke ihe. Ụgha dị otú ahụ na nkwonkwo na-eme ka okporo ụzọ axis.

The obosara nke ìgwè abụọ nke ụzọ bụ 6-9 m. The okpomọkụ-asụla akara na-na-mere n'etiti ha longitudinal cracks e guzobere.

2. Ịtọ nke ihe

-Awụba n'oké osimiri oyi akwa emechi waterproof akwụkwọ, waterproofing ma ọ bụ nke a gwara. Concrete-etinye na ọkpụrụkpụ na otu oge. Ọ bụrụ na ndị mkwado na-etinyere, akpa jupụtara oyi akwa ọkpụrụkpụ nke 30-40 mm, na-tọrọ na ya a okporo, na mgbe ahụ jupụta na njedebe shuttering.

The ihe ngwakọta ga-etinyere ngwa ngwa, n'ihi na ọ bụ a viable obere oge. Diluting mmiri nwere ike ịbụ, n'ihi na ọ ga-eduga na-arịa ọrịa n'ibu Njirimara nke efere.

N'ihi na nnukwu ichekwa njikere na-edebe ihe factory abịa agbapụtara. Mgbe ebutu nke ụgbọ ala na ọ na-boo pụrụ iche igwe onwem na pupụtara chụpụrụ. The ngwakọta atara na 1 m ³ na uniformly enịm, ma ọ bụ ga-enwe nnukwu obo na ala denser karịa n'ebe ndị ọzọ. Na usoro nke inwetaghachi a unevenness na-azọpụta, bụ nke pụrụ iduga ụba shrinkage malouplotnennyh saịtị. N'ihi ya n'elu nke efere kpụrụ Ikuku. The kasị mma nhọrọ bụ edo stacking nke ihe na 2-3 n'ígwé.

3. Ihe akara

Equipment maka compaction nke ihe bụ a osisi mere nke osisi ma ọ bụ metal, nke emetụta ofu n'elu ya pneumatic hama. Ọ na-mikpuru na ihe mix na-akpali n'ime ya. Mgbe nhazi ngalaba-agwụ, na doo na-weliri na-agafere na ọnọdụ ọzọ.

Mgbe na-eji a vibratory armature mmanya kwesịrị si ya na a anya nke 5-7 cm n'elu.

Jijiji igwe nwekwara mejupụtara nakwa jijiji screed nke dị n'ihu.

Site plasticity nke ihe mix pụrụ iche chọrọ. Ọ ga-abụ zuru ezu mobile, ma ọ bụghị kwa na mkpa, ma ọ bụ ọzọ na ọ na-ewe ebe dislodging, nke jubigakwara ókè site formwork - ike ga-adị njọ.

Mgbe a nta hardening nke ihe slab na-wụsara na mmiri na-ezere cracks si ihicha si. Ya cover nke ájá, kpara ute, burlap ma ọ bụ kwaaji. The oge a ụzọ iji chebe si evaporation efere na-spraying n'elu a na-ekwesi sealant. The film na-akpụ gị n'ụlọnga na-etinyere ofụri elu na n'ọnụ ya. Tupu ọ na-achọrọ iji wepụ ngafe mmiri si mkpuchi.

Low quality ihe ngwakọta na-eduga ná mkpa Ugboro ụzọ di ike.

ọgwụgwụ

The technology nke owuwu nke ihe okporo ụzọ bụ mgbe niile a na-mma, ekele na-esonụ:

1. Melite nkà na ahụmahụ nke ọkachamara.
2. Ọnụnọ nke multi-ọrụ na elu-arụmọrụ technology.
3. mma nke teknuzu na ngwá, nke na-enye ohere iji belata ntuziaka oru.
4. Ngwa nke ọhụrụ elu ihe.

N'agbanyeghị elu na-eri, na-eri nke mmezi nke ihe okporo ụzọ bụ nke ukwu na-erughị idozi korota.