Dị ka algae aghọrọ? Umu anumanu na osisi nke algae amụba

Fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụla mmiri na ofụri elu nke ụwa nwere ike izute ndị dị otú ahụ a pụrụ iche n'ahụ, nke yiri ya mejupụtara osisi dị ka algae.

Gịnị bụ algae

Algae - a pụrụ iche otu nke unicellular ma ọ bụ multicellular ntule bi advantageously na otu okenye ọkara. Nke a bụ a pụtara nnukwu ìgwè nke ala osisi. Ha ebe obibi bụ nnọọ ukwuu nke na i nwere ike ịhụ ebe nile, ma n'ime osimiri na oké osimiri nile, ọdọ mmiri, osimiri, ndị ọzọ mmiri ozu, mmiri ala, na ọbụna osisi ogbugbo.

Algae - nke a bụ otú otu-celled mmadụ nje, na multicellular chịrị. Skins multicellular algae iso nke cellulose, nke na-ejikọrọ na onye ọ bụla ọzọ na ọgwụgwụ.

The mgbọrọgwụ usoro ha na-adịghị. Kama, algae na-mmasị ka elu site pụrụ iche Filiks - rhizoids.

Ahịhịa mmiri - isi iyi nke organic okwu on Earth. Fọrọ nke nta niile nri ígwè na-amalite na ha. Ọzọkwa, ha na-a isi iyi nke nri n'ihi na ọtụtụ aquatic ntule.

Ọzọkwa algae adabara imewe nke fatịlaịza, anụmanụ na ndepụta, na, n'ezie, ike ga-eji maka oriri.

The si malite algae

N'ihi ya, anya ọ dịghị otutu mmadu kwenyere banyere mmalite nke algae na ha kpọmkwem afọ n'ihi na eziokwu na nke a bụ ntule-anọchi anya a nnukwu dịgasị iche iche. Ọzọkwa, ọ nọgidere na otu ihe atụ nke mmanu ndi mere onwe ụdị, na ọ gaghị ekwe omume iji chọpụta ihe nkebi nke evolushọn nke ụdị ntule wee ebe.

Ọkà gburugburu ụwa na-ekwenyesi ike na ọ dịghị osisi na ụwa enweghị ike jiri ya tụnyere ihe na-agwọ ike nke ahịhịa mmiri, n'ihi na e nwere a ozizi banyere mmalite nke ndụ na oké osimiri, nke pụtara na ọ bụ na ha nwere a pụrụ iche ndu mejupụtara.

Otú ọ dị, ọ na-kweere na green na-acha odo odo algae pụtara na Earth banyere 3 ijeri afọ gara aga. Ha we bilie ibido n'ụdị otu-celled nani mgbe colonial. Ma ọ bụ ọdịdị nke ụdị ntule kpatara nguzobe nke oxygen na Ụwa ikuku na ozone Layer, nke ekemende dugara ntoputa nke ndụ. About a ijeri afọ gara aga, e nwere ndị multicellular algae mgbagwoju.

ụdị algae

Modern bayoloji mara karịa 30 puku ụdị algae. Otú ọ dị, ị nwere ike ikpokọta ha pụrụ iche iche iche:

1. Euglenophytes ma ọ bụ unicellular. The kasị nta algae.
2. Pirofitovye algae, nke akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara cellulose.
3. Diatoms. Ha na-ekewet nke mkpụrụ ndụ na a na-akpọ mmadụ abụọ-shelled.
4. Golden algae. Ebe i nwere ike izute ma unicellular na multicellular, ma ihe niile freshwater ọlaedo ma ọ bụ brownish-acha odo odo na agba.
5. Yellow-green. Ha na-emekarị jikọtara na aga na otu.
6. Green. Ha nwere ike achọpụtara na gba ọtọ anya, ihe atụ, na n'ụgbụgbọ osisi.
7. Charophytes. Nke a bụ multicellular algae, nke na-emekarị jikọtara na green. The elu nke azuokokoosisi àmà site 2,5 cm 10 cm.
8. Red algae. Ya mere a na-akpọ n'ihi na nke ọnụnọ ha mebere atumatu a pụrụ iche mmewere - fitoeritrina, nke na agba ha red. Ndị a algae ndụ ukwuu n'ime mmiri n'oké osimiri.
9. Kelp. The kasị zuru okè echiche. Ha bi na mmiri na ike ike-ogwu, dị ka na Sargasso Sea. Rhizoids ha ike mmasị ka elu nke mere na ha fọrọ nke nta ka-agaghị ekwe omume akwa.

Mgbasa nke algae na ọdịdị

Site n'ụzọ nke ịbụ algae na-ekewa abụọ isi iche iche: ndị na mmiri na-ebi na ala - si n'ime mmiri.

N'aka nke ya, na mmiri nwere ike kere n'ime ọtụtụ ige:

1. Plankton. Na mmiri na a kwụsịtụrụ ala. N'otu oge ahụ kpamkpam na-emegharị ka a ụzọ ndụ.
2. Benthic. Ha na-ebi na ala nke ọdọ.
3. Periphyton. Ndụ na mmiri n'okpuru osimiri nkume tojuru isiokwu miri emi.
4. Neustonic. Nke a na ụdị algae sere n'elu semisubmerged ọnọdụ. Otu akụkụ na-emi odude n'elu mmiri n'elu, ndị ọzọ ga-abụrụ na-mikpuru n'ime mmiri.

Algae bi n'ala, kewara abụọ subgroups:

1. Aerofiton. Algae na-etolite terrestrial akpọkwa, dara akpọkwa, stumps.
2. Algae na-eto eto na ala elu.

Tụkwasị na nke a umu, e nwere ụfọdụ na-ebi ndụ nnu na mmiri, na snow ma ọ bụ ice, na bụkwa obibi na nkume nzu mkpụrụ.

Olee algae ọtụtụ

Ka anyị obibi isi nke nke isiokwu. Na ọdịdị, na algae proliferate ụzọ atọ. Onye ọ bụla n'ime ha nwere ya e ji mara.

1. Algae mụta nwa vegetatively. Nke a bụ ndị dị otú ahụ a mode nke mmeputakwa nke okenye onye na-kewara abụọ ma ọ bụ, ihe atụ, na-kewapụrụ n'ebe ndị nne na nna ahụ akụrụ. Mgbe ahụ, e guzobere ọhụrụ mkpụrụ ndụ na-kewara abụọ ma ọ bụ anọ na mkpụrụ ndụ, nke ekemende etolite tozuru okè algae.
2. Asexual mmeputakwa. Nke a na ụdị nke na algae mkpụrụ ndụ na-adị n'ime nkewa nke protoplast sochiri ya ntọhapụ n'èzí ihe jikọrọ ya na nne nwa mkpụrụ ndụ.
3. Algae mụta nwa site spores, nke na-emepụta pụrụ iche akụkụ - sporangia.
4. Mmekọahụ amụba. Bụ merging nke abụọ mkpụrụ ndụ, gametes, nke nwere ike ịkpata a zaigọtụ, nke e mechara na-etolite n'ime mmadụ ọhụrụ ahụ ma ọ bụ na-enye zoospores. Na zaigọtụ dị iche iche algae mgbe ya guzobere na-akpa àgwà dị iche iche. Na ụfọdụ, ha na-aga n'ime a-ajụ oyi oge, nke nwere ike ịdịru ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa. A ọzọ asiaha kpọmkwem n'ime ọhụrụ oyi akwa ma ọ bụ thalli.

Gịnị bụ dị ịrịba ama bụ na onye ọ bụla ụdị algae reproduces dị iche iche. Nke a na nke na-enyocha ihe ọmụmụ anyị. Na ụmụ akwụkwọ na-na-anụ ajụjụ onye nkụzi: "Olee otú ka izu algae Kọwaa uto nke algae." Zaa ya nanị, ma ọ bụrụ na ị na-amụ ihe na zuru ezu.

Mgbe algae mụta nwa asexually. Types of asexual mmeputakwa

Nke a bụ kacha nhọrọ. Ma ọ bụ asexually propagated vegetatively algae ukwuu n'ime nanị n'okpuru mma ọnọdụ ha. Nke a pụtara, mgbe mmiri na-esite nwere otu okpomọkụ na ọnọdụ ndị na-jirichaa asexual mmeputakwa.

Ọ bụrụ na a na-esite ma ọ bụ na gburugburu ebe obibi ime na mberede mgbanwe okpomọkụ, mmetọ ma ọ bụ ejupụta bi, na nke a n'ihu algae mmekọahụ amụba.

Asexual mmeputakwa nwere ike kere n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị:

1. Algae mụta nwa vegetatively - bụ a nkewa nke vegetative mkpụrụ ndụ.
2. Sporulation. Ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ algae mụta nwa site pụrụ iche mkpụrụ ndụ. Ndị a na mkpụrụ ndụ na-akpọ spores.

Mgbe algae mụta nwa asexually, e nwere nanị otu nne na nna, site na nke nile dị na genomes. Ma na ihe banyere mutation, mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ihe nwere ike iche iche.

Ọtụtụ mgbe, a otu organism nwere ike mụta nwa ma asexually na vegetatively.

Vegetative Mgbasa nke algae

Vegetative mmeputakwa bụ ihe e ji mara ọtụtụ mgbe maka kelp.

Na usoro a mmeputakwa òkè algae (fronds) iche na ẹdude n'anya, enweghị ihe ọ bụla mgbanwe, na guzobere ọhụrụ mkpụrụ ndụ na-akwadebe na akụkụ a nketa nke ndị nne na nna casing.

Nwere ike mụta nwa vegetatively ma unicellular na multicellular algae. Na na unicellular cell ekewa abụọ, na nkewa na-ewe ebe multicellular n'ígwé ma ọ bụ dum thalli chịrị. Na filamentous algae vegetative usoro amụba na-ewe ebe site kewara ndị filaments na ha n'otu n'otu akwụkwọ ya.

Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ihe niile algae si ka nke colonial nnọchiteanya nwere ike mụta nwa vegetatively, nakwa dị ka na unicellular tinyere vegetative Mgbasa usoro nwere ike ịdị na agụụ mmekọahụ.

Brown algae, dị ka e kwuru n'elu, ba uba ya otú a, site n'ọnụ ndị pụrụ iche alaka ụmụ. N'ụzọ yiri nke ahụ mụta nwa nile di iche iche nke Sargassum na Sargasso Sea.

amụba nke esemokwu

Na mgbakwunye na vegetative Mgbasa algae mụta nwa site spores. Nke a bụ a akpan akpan subspecies nke asexual mmeputakwa.

Spores na-guzobere na pụrụ iche akụkụ, ma ọ bụ na-akpọ sporangia zoosporangia. Ọ bụrụ na a ghara inwe spores asiaha wee kpụrụ a ọhụrụ onwe-okenye nọ.

Motile spores na flagella nwere ike ije, a na-akpọ zoospores.

Variant asexual spores ike-atụle ihe atụ algae dị ka ulothrix. Na mma ọnọdụ ndụ ya site ẹdude nne na nna uzo e kewapụrụ ya rifọrọ, nke nwere spores. Ha igwu mmiri na free ala, mgbe ahụ, ebe mmasị mmiri n'okpuru osimiri ihe, na-amalite ifịk ifịk kee na-etolite a ọhụrụ eri algae. Ọ ga-kwuru na ụdị algae ike n'out oge mụta nwa ma asexually na mmekọahụ.

Ọ na-e kwuru na ọ bụ omume na-akpali e guzobere spores na ụfọdụ ụdị eri algae, n'ihi na nke a na-eme onye na-abawanye nke carbon dioxide na gburugburu ebe obibi.

The ọrụ nke asexual mmeputakwa na nke a nwere a pụrụ iche na-akpọ sporophytes, ntụgharị akpụ spores.

The mmekọahụ amụba

Na mgbakwunye na n'elu ụzọ algae mụta nwa mmekọahụ. Ọ e ji, n'elu ihe nile, njikọta, ie na anọ na abụọ mkpụrụ ndụ - gametes. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a zaigọtụ na-kpụrụ nke ekemende na-aghọ ndị progenitor nke a ọhụrụ organism.

N'ihi na algae, e nwere ọtụtụ ụzọ nke mmekọahụ amụba:

1. Isogamy - na ọ pụtara a anọ na nke abụọ hà-sized Ọdịdị na gametes.
2. Heterogamy. Ya mere na-akpọ anọ na abụọ gametes, nke otu onye ibu karịa ndị ọzọ. Na ihe nke ukwuu na size na-na-nwaanyị.
3. Oogamy. Na usoro a mmeputakwa jikọrọ ọnụ na-adịghị ejekwa mkpụrụ ndụ na ibughari nwanyi nwoke gamete.
4. Conjugation. N'okpuru a echiche-apụta, a ụdị amụba, na nke njikọ nke abụọ nke vegetative mkpụrụ ndụ, nke na-enweghị flagella.

Oge ochie algae, otu ndị pụrụ iche na ikike dị ka a mmekọahụ na asexual mmeputakwa. Na ọtụtụ ndị mepere emepe ọrụ a rụrụ site ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na-akpọ gametophytes, ie akpụ gametes.

Ihe Nlereanya nke algae ozuzu

Otu ihe atụ nke vegetative Mgbasa nke algae nwere ike ije ozi dị ka fucus. Ke isi ya thallus kpụrụ ihe yiri na Ọdịdị fronds, nke ekemende enye ịrị elu na a ọhụrụ organism.

Asexual mmeputakwa, ya bụ, nkewa abụọ mkpụrụ ndụ, pụrụ hụrụ na Euglena.

Chlamydomonas - a alga multiplication nke pụtara ma mmekọahụ na asexually site spores (zoospores) inwe flagella.

Ihe atụ ọzọ nke mmekọahụ amụba nwere ike ije ozi aja aja algae dị ka Laminaria. Na nke a umu e nwere atọ ụzọ nke mmekọahụ amụba, dị ka isogamy, getorogamiya, oogamy.

Chlorella - microscopic green alga. Ọ reproduces naanị asexually site spores.

Red algae (whelk) izu na ụzọ abụọ, otu onye nke bụ mmekọahụ. A akụkụ pụrụ iche nke na ọ bụ guzobere nwoke gametes enweghị flagella. Na nke a, nwaanyị gametes bụ algae, na ndị ikom zigara ha site oruru.

Pụtara nke algae na ọdịdị

Algae - kasị ọtụtụ ma mkpa maka dum mbara ala photosynthetic ntule. Ha na-agbasa otú ọtụtụ ebe na ha nwere ike hụrụ bụghị naanị na n'oké osimiri nile, oké osimiri, osimiri, ọdọ mmiri, ma na-na obere ozu mmiri, gụnyere wuru na ọbụna puddles. Ha nwere ike hụrụ dị obere greenish tụrụ n'elu nke fọrọ nke nta ọ bụla mmiri. Pụtara ahịhịa mmiri ndammana elu.

E wezụga eziokwu na ha emit a zuru ezu nnukwu ego nke oxygen, ha na-eje ozi dị ka ebe obibi maka ọtụtụ aquatic na ụmụ anụmanụ, na-ekere òkè guzobe topsoil. Ọtụtụ algae na-eri, nakwa dị ka na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi nke mmepụta nke kpọmkwem nri mmiri. Ha na-eji maka nkwadebe nke dị iche iche na ọgwụ na ihe ntecha.

Algae - pụrụ iche ya mejupụtara na usoro nke ozuzu ntule. ha ikpokọta ọtụtụ iche iche nke mmeputakwa, ma ọ bụ kama: mmekọahụ, asexual na vegetative. Ọ fọrọ nke nta na-eme ka ha anaghị anwụ anwụ. Ọzọkwa, ihe iseokwu a dị ezigbo ụtọ, ọ bụ ihe ijuanya na usoro ndu nkụzi gafee mba na-eme ka ha na-amụrụ na-aza ajụjụ ahụ: "Olee otú ka izu algae Kọwaa uto nke algae."