Electrotechnical ihe, Njirimara na ngwa

Arụmọrụ na anwụ ngwa ngwa nke electric igwe na osisi na-adabere na ọnọdụ nke mkpuchi, eletriki ngwaọrụ n'ihi na nke ihe na-eji. Ha na-ji a set nke kpọmkwem Njirimara mgbe enịm ke otu akpa ubi ọnọdụ, na-arụnyere na ngwaọrụ dabeere na ndị a na-egosi.

Nhazi ọkwa eletriki ihe na-enye ohere ekewa iche iche iche iche nke-egbochi ihe, semiconducting, na-eduzi ígwé na ihe na-ịgbakwunye isi ngwaahịa: capacitors, na-eduzi, isolators na okporo ọkụ ọcha njikere.

Materials na-eme ka onye magnetik ma ọ bụ electric ubi na kpọmkwem Njirimara, na-gụrụ multiple radiations n'out oge. Magnetik ihe conventionally kewara weakly magnetik bekee na magnetik bekee. Na eletriki Usoro akacha n'ọrụ ike magnetik ihe.

Materials sayensị

The ihe onwunwe e kwuru umi, ji iche ọzọ ihe nke chemical mejupụtara, Njirimara na Ọdịdị nke ụmụ irighiri na atọm. Umi bụ na otu nke anọ kwuru, sị: gaseous, siri ike, mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ plasma. Ọdụdọ na bughi ihe ịrụ iji wụnye a dịgasị iche iche nke ọrụ.

Iduziri ihe ebunye electrons eruba mmiri enye dielectric iche. Ngwa nke resistor ọcha n'ịtụgharị eletriki ume okpomọkụ, ihe ndị na-ewu ngwaahịa idowe ha udi, e.g., ụlọ. Ọdụdọ na-ewu ụlọ ihe chọrọ ịrụ bụghị otu ma ọtụtụ metụtara ọrụ, dị ka ihe insulator na eletriki ibu ule, nke na-ewetara ya bughi ihe.

Ọdụdọ ihe sayensị - na sayensị na-emeso ndị definition nke Njirimara, ọmụmụ nke omume nke okwu n'okpuru nduzi nke ọkụ eletrik, oyi, magnetik n'ubi ndị ọzọ sayensị ọmụmụ kpọmkwem e ji mara chọrọ iwu eletriki igwe, na ngwaọrụ na nrụnye ..

eduzi

Ndị a gụnyere ndị ọkụ na ngwá, nke bụ isi egosi owụt conductivity nke eletrik. Nke a bụ n'ihi na na uka nke a umi mgbe nile electrons na-weakly ewee ntọala na ịbụ free ụgwọ ebu. Ha na-akwaga na orbit nke otu molekul ọzọ na ike a ugbu a. Isi conductive ihe atụle ọla kọpa, aluminum.

Na-eduzi ndị ọcha nwere ihe ọkụ resistivity ρ <10 ^-5, nke ihe bụ ihe magburu onwe-eduzi na-egosi 10 ^-8 Ohm * m. All ọla-enwe ezigbo ugbu a table nke 105 ọcha 25 na-abụghị nanị ọla, na site na nke a a iche iche otu nke ihe 12 omume eletrik na-ahụta dị ka Semiconductors.

The physics nke eletriki ihe na-enye ohere ha were dị ka mmadụ na gaseous na mmiri mmiri na-ekwu. Dị ka mmiri mmiri metal na nkịtị okpomọkụ na-etinyere naanị mercury, n'ihi na nke ibi. The ọzọ ọla eji dị ka-eduzi naanị mmiri mmiri na a kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ ala. N'ihi na-eduzi na-eji na conductive mmiri mmiri, n'ihi na ihe atụ electrolyte. Mkpa Njirimara nke na-eduzi, na-ekwe ka iche ha dị ka ogo eletriki conductivity, thermal conductivity e ji mara na-atụle na ikike ya thermal emana.

dielectric ihe

N'adịghị ka na-eduzi, dielectrics uka nwere a ole na ole nke free electrons elongated udi. Isi ihe onwunwe nke umi bụ ya ike na-enweta ndị na polarity nke electric ubi. Nke a na onu na-kọwara site na eziokwu na n'okpuru nduzi nke ọkụ eletrik-metụtara ebubo na-akpali na ntụziaka nke na-eme agha. Dechapụ anya ka ukwuu, ndị dị elu nke electric ubi ike.

Ọdụdọ egbochi ihe ihe ndị na nso ka ezigbo karịa nta index conductivity, na obere akpọ karịa ogo polarization, nke na-enye ihe na-egosi nke dispersion na thermal ike oke. The conductivity nke dielectric dabeere na ihe nke a obere ego nke free dipoles agbanwerịta ibe ka ihe nke ọhia. Mgbe polarization, na dielectric umi iche-iche na iche iche polarity, i.e., abụọ ebubo dị iche iche ihe ịrịba ama kpụrụ n'elu.

Ngwa dielectrics kasị ọtụtụ ke eletriki, ebe ọ bụ na ojiji nke ọrụ ike ma n'ezinụlọ mmewere e ji mara.

Iji n'ọrụ ihe onwunwe, na Njirimara amenable ka management, na-agụnye:

• pyroelectrics;
• electroluminophors;
• piezoelectrics;
• ferroelectrics;
• electrets;
• ihe maka emitters na laser.

Basic eletriki ihe - dielectric n'ezinụlọ Njirimara, a na-eji dị ka-egbochi ihe ihe na capacitors nke ot ụdị. Ha na-enwe ike ikewapụ na òkè abụọ nke electric circuit onye ọ bụla ọzọ na gbochie ejupụta nke electric ebubo. Ebe ọ bụ na ha bipụrụ iche a rụrụ site na nke ugbu a-ebu akụkụ electric ume fọduru n'ala ma ọ bụ na ụlọ.

iche site na ihe insulator

Na organic na inorganic dielectric ihe na-ekewa, dabere na chemical mejupụtara. Inorganic dielectrics adịghị nwere carbon ya mejupụtara, mgbe organic forms bụ isi carbon mmewere. Inorganic bekee ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka egbuke, mica, a elu ogo okpomọkụ.

Ọdụdọ ihe onwunwe na a usoro nke na-amị kewara eke na wuru dielectrics. The obosara eji sịntetik ihe dabeere na eziokwu na rụpụta na-enye ohere na-enye ihe ndị ha chọrọ Njirimara.

Dị ka ihe owuwu nke ụmụ irighiri na molekụla lattice dielectrics kewara pola na-abụghị pola. The ikpeazụ a na-akpọ na-anọpụ iche. Ihe dị iche bụ na-edebe irighiri tupu ha ihe na eletrik ma ọ bụ na-enweghị electric ụgwọ. K a na-anọpụ iche na-agụnye Teflon, polyethylene, mica, quartz, na ndị ọzọ. The pola dielectrics iso nke ụmụ irighiri na a ebughi ụgwọ, ihe atụ bụ polyvinyl chloride, bakelite.

dielectric Njirimara

Ka dielectrics kewara gaseous, mmiri mmiri na ihe siri ike. Ndị akacha eji siri ike eletriki ihe. Ha Njirimara na ngwa inyocha iji parameters na e ji mara:

• a olu resistivity;
• dielectric permittivity;
• a n'elu resistivity;
• na ọnụọgụ nke thermal permeability;
• dielectric ọnwụ tangent nke n'akuku kwuru;
• ike nke ihe n'okpuru nduzi nke na ọkụ eletrik.

Volume resistivity na-adabere na ike nke a na ihe onwunwe iguzogide leakage n'elu ya mgbe nile uru ugbu a. Egosi inverse resistivity akpọ nnukwu conductivity.

N'elu resistivity kpebisiri ike site ike nke ihe onwunwe iguzogide mgbe nile ugbu a-eru na ya elu. N'elu conductivity bụ mmegwara nke gara aga ọnụ ọgụgụ.

The ọnụọgụ nke thermal permeability egosiputa ogo mgbanwe resistivity mgbe azụ okpomọkụ nke umi. A, ndị na-eguzogide mbelata na-amụba okpomọkụ, ya mere, na-ọnụọgụ uru bụ na-ezighị ezi.

The dielectric mgbe niile na-ekpebi eletriki ngwa nke ihe dị na ikike nke ihe onwunwe ike eletriki capacitance. Ọtùtù nke ikwu permittivity nke dielectric gụnyere echiche nke zuru permeability. Na-agbanwe agbanwe mkpuchi ike egosi egosipụta gara aga thermal permeability ọnụọgụ, nke n'out oge na-egosiputa na-abawanye ma ọ bụ ọnụ ke capacitance na a mgbanwe okpomọkụ.

Tangent nke dielectric ọnwụ n'akuku egosiputa ogo yinye ike na ọnwụ na-akwanyere ndị dielectric ihe doro ihe electric nwetụ ugbu a.

Ihe e ji mara Electrotechnical ihe nke dielectric ike egosi, nke na-ekpebi ekwe omume nke na-ebibi umi n'okpuru nchegbu. Na-akọwapụta n'ibu ike nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ule guzosie index ịgba compressive ike, tensile, ekwe, torsional, mmetụta na mgbaji ọkpụkpụ.

Anụ ahụ na chemical e ji mara dielectrics

Na dielectrics nwere a ụfọdụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke tọhapụrụ asịd. The ego nke potassium hydroxide na milligrams chọrọ tufuo adịghị na 1 g nke umi a na-akpọ acid nọmba. Asịd ime organic ihe inwe mmetụta ọjọọ n'ahụ na-egbochi ihe Njirimara.

E ji mara eletriki ihe complemented viscosity ọnụọgụ ma ọ bụ esemokwu, na-egosi ogo eruba n'ime okwu. Viscosity ekewa nhazi na kinematic.

Degree mmiri absorption kpebisiri ike dabere na uka nke mmiri etinye obi gị dum site ule mmewere size ụbọchị mgbe nmikpu na mmiri na a gaghị agara okpomọkụ. Nke a akparamagwa egosi porosity nke ihe onwunwe, na-amụba index-adị njọ na-egbochi ihe Njirimara.

magnetik ihe

Performance nwale nke magnetik Njirimara na-akpọ magnetik e ji mara:

• Magnetik zuru permeability;
• magnetik ikwu permeability;
• thermal ọnụọgụ nke magnetik permeability;
• ike kacha ndọta.

Magnetik ihe na-ekewa n'ime ike na juu. The adụ ọcha na-ji obere weere anaghị agasi ịdị ukwuu nke magnetization nke ahụ ahụ na-eme ndọta. Ha bụ ihe permeable na magnetik ebili mmiri nwere a obere coercive ike na a elu saturation itinye n'ọkwa. Ha were na ngwaọrụ nkesa nke akpa igwe na usoro, magnetik ọta ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ ngwa ebe ọ dị mkpa magnetization na ala ike omissions. Ndị a gụnyere ndị dị ọcha electrolytic ígwè, ígwè - Armco, permalloy, eletriki ígwè Ibé akwụkwọ, nickel-ígwè alloys.

Solid ihe na-ji a ịrịba ọnwụ lagging ogo magnetization na mpụga ndọta. Ịnata ozugbo magnetik pulses, dị eletriki ihe na ngwaahịa ndị magnetized, na ruo ogologo oge na-echekwara ike. Ha nwere nnukwu coercive ike na elu mmapụta itinye n'ọkwa ikike. Ihe ndị a ji mara na-eji imewe nke anyịnya nju. Anọchitekwa anya nke ọcha bụ alloys dabeere na ígwè, aluminum, nickel, cobalt, sịlịkọn mmiri.

magnetodielectrics

Nke a mbuaha ihe onwunwe, 75-80% na mejupụtara nwere magnetik ntụ ntụ, uka nke organic elu polymeric fọduru jupụtara dielectric. Y ferrites na ferrites ụba ụkpụrụ nke olu resistivity, obere Eddy ugbu a weere, nke na-enye ohere ha were na elu ugboro technology. Ferrites bụ anụ na-egosi na dị iche iche ugboro ubi.

UBI iji ferromagnets

Ha na-eji n'ụzọ kasị dị irè ike a isi nke transformer coils. Ngwa nke ihe na-enye ohere na-amụba nke ukwuu na ndọta nke transformer, mgbe ọ bụghị na-agbanwe agbanwe na nke ugbu a na-agụ nke ike. Dị otú ahụ ntinye nke ferrite azọpụta ike oriri ini ọrụ nke ngwaọrụ. Ọdụdọ ihe na akụrụngwa mgbe mpụga magnetik mmetụta ejigide magnetik àgwà, na-ekwusi ike a ubi n'akụkụ ohere.

Elementrị okwukwo adịghị ruo na mgbe ịmafe kwụsịrị magnet, si otú eke a ọkọlọtọ na-adịgide adịgide magnet na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ dị irè na ekweisi, telephones, atụ ngwaọrụ, compasses, ndekọ olu ngwaọrụ. Nnọọ na-ewu ewu na ojiji nke na-adịgide adịgide nju, bụghị electrically conductive. Enwetara compound ígwè oxides dị iche iche na ndị ọzọ oxides. Lodestone na-ezo aka ferrite.

okporo ọkụ ihe

Ndị a bụ ihe nke nwere a conductivity uru bụ nke dị na nkeji nke a index maka eduzi na dielectrics. The conductivity ndị a ihe na-adabere na nke ịdị adị nke adịghị n'ọtùtù, mpụga mmetụta na ntụziaka nke esịtidem ntụpọ.

Njirimara electrotechnical ihe Semiconductors otu na-egosi ịrịba iche onye ọ bụla ọzọ ọcha na lattice Ọdịdị, mejupụtara na Njirimara. Dabere na ndị a kwa, ihe na-nkewa n'ime 4 ụdị:

1. Ihe atọm nwere otu ụdị: sịlịkọn, site, boron, selenium, indium, germanium, gallium, na ndị ọzọ.
2. Materials nwere metal oxides esịnede - ọla kọpa oxide, cadmium, zinc na ndị ọzọ.
3. The ihe na-achọkwa otu antimonide.
4. Organic ihe - naphthalene, anthracene, na ndị ọzọ.

Dabere na lattice kewara polycrystalline okporo ọkụ ihe na monocrystalline ọcha. Njirimara nke eletriki ihe-enye ha ohere iso na-na-abụghị magnetik na weakly. Otu n'ime ihe ndị mejupụtara nke magnetik iche Semiconductors, na-eduzi ma na-abụghị conductive ọcha. Clear oke siri ike ịrụ, ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ihe na-akpa àgwà dị iche iche na a na-agbanwe agbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi. Ka ihe atụ, ọrụ nke ụfọdụ Semiconductors na ala okpomọkụ nwere ike jiri ya tụnyere ihe mmetụta nke insulators. Ndị dielectrics site kpo oku ọrụ dị ka Semiconductors.

mejupụtara ihe

Materials na-adịghị enwe na-arụ ọrụ na mejupụtara, na-akpọ ọtụtụ ndị mejupụtara ihe, ọ bụ na-ọkụ ihe. Ha Njirimara na ngwa n'ihi na a Nchikota ihe eji na rụpụta. Ihe Nlereanya bụ iko eriri mpempe akwụkwọ mmiri, faiba glaasi, mixtures nke conductive na refractory ọla. Jiri nke mixtures Ẹkot na-eme na-ekpughe ihe onwunwe ma na-eme ha ka ha ha na-aga. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a Nchikota ọtụtụ ihe mejupụtara mmiri na-eduga ná e kere eke nke dị nnọọ ọhụrụ mmewere ọzọ Njirimara.

film ihe

Greater akporo maka eletriki foils na nrapado etere nwetara dị ka eletriki ihe. Ha Njirimara dị iche iche site na ndị ọzọ dielectrics mgbanwe, zuru ezu n'ibu ike na magburu onwe-egbochi ihe Njirimara. Ọkpụrụkpụ nke ngwaahịa dịgasị dabere ihe:

• film ọkpụrụkpụ nke 6-255 microns eme, ntọhapụ teepu 0,2-3,1 mm;
• polystyrene ngwaahịa n'ụdị etere nakwa na fim na-emepụta 20-110 microns oké;
• oké polyethylene teepu mere 35-200 m, a obosara nke 250 1500 mm;
• fluoroplastic film ọkpụrụkpụ mere 5 40 microns, a obosara nke 10-210 mm akọwaghị.

Nhazi ọkwa nke eletriki ihe si film na-enye ohere ịmata ihe abụọ na ụdị: dabeere na-abụghị na-edebere ndị film. The mbụ ihe a na-eji ọtụtụ mgbe.

Akọwa na coatings maka eletriki mkpuchi

Solutions nke bekee akpụ n'oge solidification film bụ oge a na ọkụ na ngwá. Nke a na-agụnye asphalts, ihicha mmanụ, resins, cellulose esters ma ọ bụ ogige ma n'ịgwa ndị a components. Akakabarede nke a viscous akụrụngwa na insulator emee mgbe evaporation nke mgbaze uka edebe na-akpụ a na ok film. Site n'ụzọ nke itinye film ekewa nrapado, mkpuchi na impregnation.

Impregnating varnishes eji maka eletriki windings na iji dịkwuo thermal conductivity na iguzogide mmiri. Mkpuchi ghọọ elu-ike a na-echebe mkpuchi megide mmiri, oyi, na manu, n'elu asọfe, plastic mkpuchi. Nyagide mmiri bụ ike mama mica efere na ihe ndị ọzọ.

Ogige maka eletriki mkpuchi

Ndị a ihe togboro a mmiri mmiri ngwọta n'oge nke iji, sochiri hardening na ime. Bekee ji eziokwu ahụ bụ na ihe ndị mejupụtara anaghị nwere solvents. The ogige nwekwara dịịrị otu "ọkụ na ngwá". Bụla na-ha mgbatị na impregnating. The mbụ ụdị na-eji maka na ejuputa cavities na cable couplings, na ìgwè nke abụọ a na-eji maka impregnation nke moto windings.

Ogige-emepụta a thermoplastic, ha nro mgbe abawanye na okpomọkụ, na thermosetting, nguzosi ike echebekwa n'ụdị solidification.

Impregnated fibrous egbochi ihe ihe

N'ihi na mmepụta nke ndị dị otú ahụ ihe iji organic emep uta eri na mmadụ mere mmiri. Natural akwukwo nri emep uta eri nke silk, linen, osisi remaking na ihe ndị organic si (eriri, ákwà, katọn). Iru mmiri nke ndị dị otú ahụ insulators àmà site 6-10%.

Organic ihe sịntetik (naịlọn) nwere mmiri nanị 3 na 5%, dị ka saturation nke mmiri na inorganic emep uta eri (faiba glaasi). Inorganic ihe na-ji ihe enweghi ike ọkụ na bukwanu kpo oku. Ọ bụrụ na ihe ndị na-amịkọrọ enamels ma ọ bụ lacquers, na flammability abawanye. Tụkwasịnụ nke eletriki ihe na-emepụta na imewe nke eletriki ígwè na ngwa.

Leteroid

A mkpa eriri na-emepụta na Ibé akwụkwọ na lakpuru a mpịakọta maka njem. Ọ na-eji dị ka a ihe maka n'ichepụta ihe mkpuchi gaskets, ekara dielectrics washers. Akwụkwọ impregnated na Asbestos na Asbestos osisi mere nke chrysotile Asbestos, ekewa ya n'ime emep uta eri. Asbestos nwere iguzogide alkaline ọnọdụ, ma mgbari na acid.

Ná mmechi, ọ ga-ahụ kwuru na ihe nke oge a na ihe maka mkpuchi nke ọkụ na ngwá ọrụ ndụ na-budata ụba. Maka nrụnye ụlọ iji ihe na họrọ Njirimara na-ekwe ka n'ihi na mmepụta nke ọhụrụ ọtọ akụrụngwa na mma arụmọrụ.