Gịnị bụ chemical ngwa agha? Types of chemical ngwa agha

The chemical mmeghachi omume bụ a usoro nke na-eduga na ntughari nke reactants. Ọ e ji mgbanwe, nke ikwenye onye ma ọ bụ karịa na ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ ka na-amalite. Chemical Jeremaya mere bụ iche iche. Ọ na-adabere ụdị reactants, dapụtara umi, ọnọdụ na oge nke njikọ, decomposition, Ndahie, isomerization, acid-alkali, redox, wdg na organic Filiks.

Chemical ngwa agha bụ tank bu n'obi ka e si Jeremaya mere iji zụlite ikpeazụ ngwaahịa. Ha imewe na-adabere na ihe dị iche iche na kwesịrị inye karịa mkpụrụ nke kasị eri irè n'ụzọ.

ụdị

E nwere atọ isi isi ụdị nke chemical ngwa agha:

• Ogbe.
• Na-aga n'ihu kpaliri tank (HPM).
• Nkwụnye eruba chernobyl (PFR).

Ndị a bụ isi ụdị nwere ike ju dị na chọrọ nke chemical usoro.

ogbe chernobyl

The chemical nkeji nke ụdị na-eji ogbe Filiks na a obere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmepụta, a ogologo mmeghachi omume oge ma ọ bụ ebe kasị mma selectivity a na-enweta, dị ka ụfọdụ polymerization Filiks.

N'ihi nke a, ka ihe atụ, na ọdịnaya nke na-jijiji igwe anaghị agba nchara arịa esịtidem ọrụ pupụtara, gas egosipụta ma ọ bụ site n'ọnụ ndị nfuli. Okpomọkụ akara a rụrụ site na okpomọkụ mgbanwe Jaketị, mmiri friji ma ọ bụ pumping site a okpomọkụ Exchanger.

Ogbe ngwa agha ugbu a na-eji na chemical na nri nhazi ọrụ. Ha akpaaka na njikarịcha emepụta mgbagwoju, ebe ọ bụ na ọ dị mkpa ka ikpokọta na-aga n'ihu na pụrụ iche na usoro.

Ọkara ogbe chemical ngwa agha ikpokọta ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na ogbe ụdịdị. A bioreactor ka ihe atụ, na-oge kwajuru na nọgidere tọhapụrụ carbon dioxide, nke a ga-nọgidere na-ewepụ. N'otu aka ahụ, mgbe ndị chlorination mmeghachi omume, mgbe otu onye nke reactants bụ chlorine gas, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ndinọ nọgidere, nnukwu nke na ọ anwụ na-amịrị.

Iji hụ na nnukwu mmepụta mpịakọta eji isi chemical ngwa agha ma ọ bụ na-aga n'ihu metal arịa na a stirrer ma ọ bụ a na-aga n'ihu eruba.

Na-aga n'ihu kpaliri tank chernobyl

mmiri mmiri reactants na-nri a anaghị agba nchara akpa. Iji hụ na kwesịrị ekwesị na mmekọrịta nke ha na-arụ ọrụ agụba kpaliri. N'ihi ya, na nke a na ụdị chernobyl na reactants nọgidere na nri n'ime mbụ esite (akwụ ọtọ, nchara), na mgbe ahụ, ha ga-esi n'ime ụdi, n'out oge nlezianya agwakọta ọ bụla arịa. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ndị mejupụtara nke ngwakọta bụ edo nke ọ bụla tank na usoro dị ka a dum ịta dịgasị si akpa akpa.

The nkezi ego nke oge na pụrụ iche ego nke reactant emefu na tank (obibi oge) nwere ike gbakọọ nanị site nkerisi olu nke akpa na nkezi volumetric ọnụego nke eruba therethrough. Anya pasent nke ẹkụre mmeghachi omume na gbakọọ na iji chemical kinetics.

Mere nke igwe anaghị agba nchara tankị ma ọ bụ alloys na enamelled.

Ụfọdụ dị mkpa akụkụ nke DMI

All mgbawa na-rụrụ dabeere na ihe ezigbo mix. The mmeghachi omume wee na a ọnụego metụtara ikpeazụ ịta. Na ịha, eruba ọnụego hara ka eruba ọnụego, ma ọ bụghị na-esite bụ zuru ma ọ bụ ihe efu.

Ọtụtụ mgbe aku na uba uru na-arụ ọrụ ọtụtụ Oghere Usoro ma ọ bụ ihe yiri HPM. Igwe anaghị agba nchara tankị anakọtara na a cascade nke ise ma ọ bụ isii nkeji nwere ike na-akpa àgwà dị ka a nkwụnye eruba chernobyl. Nke a na-enye ohere mbụ unit-arụ ọrụ na a elu ịta nke reagents na, mmọdo, a elu mmeghachi omume ọnụego. Ọzọkwa, esite nwere ike enịm vetikal ígwè HPM ọtụtụ nkebi, kama nke Filiks ekenịmde ke iche iche arịa.

Na kwụ multistage egbu unit partitioned site vetikal nkebi mgbidi dị iche iche elu, site na nke ngwakọta aga cascades.

Mgbe reactants bụ agụghị oké miscible ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ dị iche na njupụta nke a vetikal multistage chernobyl (iko-agbakọta ma ọ bụ igwe anaghị agba nchara) na a countercurrent mode. Nke a bụ irè n'ihi na reversible Jeremaya mere.

The obere fluidized bed bụ kpam kpam mbuaha. Large azụmahịa fluidized-bed chernobyl nwere a n'ụzọ edo okpomọkụ ma miscible blends na superseded ala na-akwụsị akwụsị aga therebetween.

Chemical eruba chernobyl

PFR - a chernobyl (igwe anaghị agba nchara), agaghi asu otu ma ọ bụ karịa mmiri mmiri reactants na-pumped site a anwụrụ ma ọ bụ tube. Ha na-akpọ tubular eruba. Ọ nwere ike multiple ọkpọkọ ma ọ bụ akpa. The reactants na-nri nọgidere site n'otù nsọtu, na ngwaahịa na-abịa site ọzọ. Chemical Filiks -ebe dị ka ọ na-aga ngwakọta.

The PFR mmeghachi omume ike ọsọ grajentị usoro: n'ọnu-miri dị nnọọ elu, ma na a gụnyere ya ná ịta nke reactants na ngwaahịa mkpụrụ ụba ọdịnaya slows ya ọsọ. A, ike ịha na-enweta.

Ahụkarị bụ kwụ na vetikal nghazi nke chernobyl.

Mgbe achọrọ okpomọkụ nyefe, onye akpa-enịm n'ime jaket ma ọ bụ shei na tube okpomọkụ Exchanger na-eji. Na nke ikpeazụ ahụ, ọgwụ ike ma na ụlọ ma ọ bụ na ọjà.

Containers nke metal na a nnukwu dayameta nozzles ma ọ bụ yiri bathtubs PFR na n'ọtụtụ ebe na. Na ụfọdụ configurations iji axial na radial eruba, multiple membranes na integrated okpomọkụ exchangers, kwụ ma ọ bụ vetikal ọnọdụ nke chernobyl na na.

Arịa na a reagent wee jupụta inert ma ọ bụ catalytic particulate okwu dịkwuo interfacial kọntaktị na heterogeneous mmeghachi omume.

Mkpa nke PFR bụ na mgbawa na-adịghị n'ime akaụntụ vetikal ma ọ bụ kwụ Ịgwakọta - a pụtara na okwu bụ "nkwụnye eruba". The reactants nwere ike ẹkenam n'ime chernobyl bụghị naanị uzo mmiri. N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ike iji nweta elu arụmọrụ nke EPA ma ọ bụ belata ya size na-eri. Performance PSC bụ na-emekarị elu karịa nke NRM nke otu olu. N'ihi hà ụkpụrụ nke olu na oge na mmeghachi omume pistin ngwa agha ga-a elu pasent nke ẹkụre karịa aggregates agwakọta.

ike ịha

N'ihi na ọtụtụ ndị chemical Filiks bụ-agaghị ekwe omume iji nweta 100 percent ẹkụre. Ha ọsọ mbelata na onye na-abawanye nke a index ruo oge mgbe usoro esịmde a ike ịha (mgbe ngụkọta omume ma ọ bụ mgbanwe ndị mejupụtara adịghị ime). N'ókè nke ịha na ọtụtụ usoro bụ ihe na-erughị 100% ẹkụre nke usoro. N'ihi nke a ka ọ dị mkpa ka nkewa usoro dị ka esi, ikewapụ ndị fọdụrụ reagents ma ọ bụ site na-na ngwaahịa nke lekwasịrị anya. Ndị a reagents Mgbe ụfọdụ a pụrụ reused na mmalite nke usoro, e.g., dị ka Haber usoro.

The ngwa nke EPA

Nkwụnye eruba ngwa agha na-eji maka chemical akakabarede nke ogige ha n'oge ha ije site na usoro, yiri a tube, n'ihi nzube nke nnukwu-ọnụ ọgụgụ, ngwa ngwa, homogeneous ma ọ bụ heterogeneous Jeremaya mere, na-aga n'ihu mmepụta Filiks na mgbe atọhapụ nnukwu ichekwa okpomọkụ.

The ezigbo PFR nwere a ofu obi oge, ie, ọ bụla mmiri mmiri (pistin) rutere oge t, ọ doo na oge t + τ, ebe τ - .. Obibi oge na osisi.

Chemical ngwa agha nke ụdị nwere elu-etoju nke arụmọrụ n'elu akp oge, nakwa dị ka magburu onwe okpomọkụ nyefe. The ọghọm nke PFR bụ ike nke nlekota okpomọkụ nke usoro nke pụrụ iduga ekwesighi okpomọkụ iche, na ha elu na-eri.

catalytic ngwa agha

Ọ bụ ezie na nkeji nke ụdị na-emejuputa atumatu na ụdị nke EPA, ha na-achọ ihe mgbagwoju anya. Ọnụego catalytic mmeghachi omume bụ proportional ka ego nke mkpali na kọntaktị na ọgwụ. Na ikpe nke a siri ike mkpali na mmiri mmiri reactant bụ proportional ka ọsọ nke Filiks dị n'ógbè ahụ, abanye nke Chemicals na ngwaahịa, na nhọrọ na-adabere na ọnụnọ nke jupụtara n'ọgba aghara Ịgwakọta.

The catalytic mmeghachi omume bụ n'ezie mgbe a multi-nzọụkwụ. Ọ bụghị nanị na ndị mbụ reactants eme na mkpali. Na ya na-eme na ụfọdụ ndị intermediates.

Nke omume nke akpali dịkwa mkpa na kinetics nke usoro a, karịsịa na elu Petrochemical Jeremaya mere, dị ka ha na-agbanyụọla site sintering, coking na yiri Filiks.

Ngwa nke nkà na ụzụ ọhụrụ

SAR na-eji maka na ntughari nke biomass. Na nwere nke elu nsogbu ngwa agha na-eji. Nrụgide na ha nwere ike iru 35 MPa. Iji multiple nha ka ịdị iche iche na-obibi oge si 0,5 600 sekọnd. Iji ruo okpomọkụ na ngafe nke 300 ° C na-eji na electrically kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ ngwa agha. biomass ndepụta rụrụ site HPLC-nfuli.

PSC aerosol nanoparticles

E nwere bukwanu mmasị na njikọ na ojiji nke nanoparticles maka iche iche na nzube, gụnyere elu alloys na a oké film eduzi maka ngwá electronic ụlọ ọrụ. Ọzọ ngwa na-agụnye na-amata ọtụtụ magnetik susceptibility, nnyefe dị n'ebe infrared na nuclear magnetik resonance. N'ihi na ndị a na usoro ọ dị mkpa iji na-emepụta a na-achịkwa urughuru size. Ha n'obosara-emekarị na nso nke 10 500 nm.

Ruru ha size, udi ma na elu kpọmkwem n'elu ebe ndị a ahụ ike ga-eji maka mmepụta nke ịchọ mma pigments, membranes, akpali, egbuke, catalytic na photocatalytic ngwa agha. Ngwa ihe atụ nke nanoparticles gụnyere SnO ₂ n'ihi na carbon monoxide sensọ, TiO ₂ emep uta eri, SiO ₂ colloidal silica na ngwa anya emep uta eri, C maka carbon fillers na taya, Fe maka ndekọ ihe onwunwe, Ni batrị na, na obere na obere ichekwa, palladium, magnesium na bismuth. All ndị a ihe na-synthesized na aerosol ngwa agha. Na nkà mmụta ọgwụ, nanoparticles na-eji maka igbochi na ọgwụgwọ nke na-emerụ na-efe efe, wuru ọkpụkpụ implants, nakwa dị ka Onyonyo nke ụbụrụ.

atụ mmepụta

N'ihi alumina ahụ n'okpuru ihe argon iyi, jupụta na na metal na-mma na RAC 18 mm n'obosara, 0,5 m ogologo, na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ 1600 ° C na 1000 ° C / s. Dị ka gas Itie site na chernobyl abịa nucleation na uto nke alumina ahụ. The eruba ọnụego nke 2 DM ³ / min na nrụgide bụ 1 igwe ndọrọ ego (1013 Pa). Dị ka gas na-mma na ije na-aghọ supersaturated, nke na-eduga ná ntoputa nke ahụ si collisions na Alụlụụ ụmụ irighiri ugboro ugboro ruo mgbe urughuru esịmde a dị oké egwu, size. Dị ka ọ na-akpali site na gas supersaturated aluminum ụmụ irighiri ebikọta na ahụ, na-amụba ha size.