Gịnị bụ esi, ebe ọdabara, a nkọwa nke usoro

Gịnị bụ distillation? Nke a usoro mejupụtara na-enwogha mmiri mmiri n'ime Alụlụụ, bụ nke a na condensed n'ime mmiri mmiri n'ụdị. The mfe ihe atụ bụ distillation mmiri, mgbe uzuoku si ketulu na-edebe dị ka ụmụ irighiri mmiri na a oyi n'elu.

Ngwa na History

Distillation na-eji ikewapụ mmiri si na-abụghị obodo solids dị ka n'oge distillation nke mmụọ si fermented ihe, ma ọ bụ ikewapụ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa dị mmiri mmiri dị iche iche na mmiri ịgbọ agbọ ebe dị na mmepụta nke mmanụ ụgbọala, manu oku na n'ígwè si crude mmanụ. Ndị ọzọ na ulo oru ngwa na-agụnye nhazi nke chemical ngwaahịa ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka formaldehyde na phenol, desalination nke oké osimiri mmiri.

The distillation usoro e eleghị anya na-eji oge ochie experimenters. Aristotle (384-322. BC. E.) kwuru na dị ọcha mmiri nwere ike enwetara site na evaporation nke oké osimiri. Pliniy Starshy (23-79. N. E.) Kọwara a usoro nke condensing a oge ochie, nke na mmanụ bụ inweta site kpo oku a rosin anakọtara na ajị anụ e debere n'ebe ahụ n'elu nke ka.

mfe distillation

Kasị distillation ụzọ eji na ụlọ ọrụ na laabu ọmụmụ bụ ọdịiche dị mfe distillation. Na a bụ isi technology-eji a cube ma ọ bụ retort, nke mmiri mmiri bụ kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ, a condenser ka obi jụrụ Alụlụụ na distillate collection tank. N'elu kpo oku na umi ngwakọta distilled na nke mbụ nke nke kasị obodo ma ọ bụ onye nke na-esi okpomọkụ bụ ntakiri, na mgbe ahụ na distilled ọzọ, ma ọ bụ kpam kpam distilled. Ndị dị otú ahụ a dị mfe ngwaọrụ adabara nhicha a mmiri mmiri nwere ndị na-abụghị obodo mmiri, na-zuru ezu irè n'ihi na kewara bekee na dị iche iche esi ihe. Maka laabu ojiji nke igwe na-emekarị mere nke iko, na jikọọ ha na plọg, roba hoses ma ọ bụ iko akpa. Na ulo oru ọnụ ọgụgụ ígwè mere nke metal ma ọ bụ ceramik.

fractional distillation

The Usoro, na-akpọ fractional, ma ọ bụ esi, site esi, e mepụtara maka anụcha n'ihi mfe distillation maka nkewa nke mmiri na-enwe a esi ebe nke dị iche obere adighi ike. Mgbe a ụzọ ugboro ugboro condenses na anwụ na-amịrị na vetikal gwara mmanụ akpa. A ọrụ pụrụ iche na-egwuri a site na uzuoku drum, na fractionating kọlụm na condensers, enye gị ohere iji laghachi a òkè nke ghọọ mmanụ azụ ka cube. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ bụ iji nweta na-akpachi anya na kọntaktị n'etiti dị iche iche n'ụzọ nke ngwakọta ebili ka naanị ndị kasị obodo fractions n'ụdị uzuoku eru erite, na ndị fọdụrụ laghachi dị ka a mmiri mmiri ka n'akụkụ cube. Ọcha nke ndị obodo mmiri site kọntaktị n'etiti ndị dị otú ahụ countercurrents akpọ rectification ma ọ bụ inwetara.

multiple Mmetụta distillation

Nke a na usoro a na-akpọ a multi-ogbo flash evaporation. Nke a bụ ụdị ọzọ nke dị mfe distillation. Na e mere ya, n'ihi na ihe atụ, distillation mmiri maka nnukwu azụmahịa desalination osisi. N'ịtụgharị mmiri mmiri ka Alụlụụ achọ okpomọkụ. Ọ dị ya nnọọ ọkọkpọhi a elu-ike ikuku na akpa na ala. Nke a na-eduga ná ngwa ngwa evaporation, Bilie odide uzuoku na mmiri mmiri.

agụụ distillation

Na a mgbanwe nke usoro na-ebelata nrụgide na-eke a agụụ eji a agụụ mgbapụta. Usoro a, a na-akpọ "agụụ distillation" na mgbe ụfọdụ a na-eji mgbe na-arụ ọrụ bekee nke na-ejikarị obụpde na a elu okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ akadiahade na obụpde n'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ.

Agụụ nfuli ike mgbali na kọlụm, nke bụ budata n'okpuru ikuku nsogbu. Ke adianade na-eji nke a agụụ regulator. Nlezianya akara nke parameters dị mkpa n'ihi na nkewa arụmọrụ na-adabere na ihe dị iche na ikwu volatility na a nyere okpomọkụ na nsogbu. Na-agbanwe agbanwe a ọnọdụ nwere ike na-ewute ndị na-usoro.

Gịnị bụ a distillation na a agụụ, na-ọma mara na mmanụ. Ot distillation ụzọ na-iche ìhè hydrocarbons na adịghị si arọ hydrocarbons. The fọduru e doro ihe e agụụ distillation. Nke a na-enye ohere ikewapụ elu-esi hydrocarbons, dị ka mmanụ na waxes, na ala okpomọkụ. The usoro bụkwa na ọdabara maka nkewa nke okpomọkụ mwute organic chemical ogige ma maka mgbake nke organic solvents.

Gịnị bụ a uzuoku distillation?

Steam distillation bụ ihe ọzọ distillation na okpomọkụ n'okpuru nkịtị esi ebe. Ọ na-eji mgbe ndị distillable umi bụ bụghị mbuaha na anaghị na ya na-eme na mmiri. Ihe Nlereanya nke ndị dị otú ahụ ihe ndị ọdụdụ asịd na soybean mmanụ. N'oge esi, mmiri mmiri na-ọnọ uzuoku, nke heats ya na-akpata evaporation.

Distillation na a juru n'ọnụ kọlụm

Ezie na juru n'ọnụ ogidi na-kacha na-eji maka absorption, ha na-eji maka distillation nke Alụlụụ-mmiri mmiri mixtures. Nke a imewe na-enye a ukwuu kọntaktị n'elu ebe, nke enwekwu usoro arụmọrụ. Aha ọzọ a imewe - a rectification kọlụm.

Ụkpụrụ nke ime ihe bụ dị ka ndị. Ndepụta ngwakọta nke mmiri na-enwe dị iche iche volatility nri n'ime kọlụm center. The mmiri mmiri na-asọdata site nozulu, na uzuoku-akpali elu. The ngwakọta na ala òkè nke arịa abatakwa preheater ma doo ya ọnụ na uzuoku. The gas rushes site na nozulu elu, atụtụ kasị obodo akụrụngwa nke mmiri mmiri na-apụta nke kọlụm na n'ime condenser. Mgbe liquefaction ngwaahịa abatakwa collection reflux, ebe ọ na-kewa a distillate na akụkụ dị nta nke na-eji ala.

Dị iche iche kasịnụ na-eduga ná eziokwu ahụ bụ na obere obodo mmiri na-agafere si Alụlụụ na mmiri mmiri na-adọ. Nozulu ogologo na-enwekwu ndị na kọntaktị ebe, nke enwekwu nkewa arụmọrụ. Na ụzọ ọpụpụ Alụlụụ nwere karịa ego nke obodo mmiri, mgbe na mmiri mmiri ịta bụ ntakiri.

Nozzles na-ejupụta na nnukwu na nchịkọta. The ụdị dịanyā nwere ike ịbụ ma random ma ọ bụ geometrically ahaziri. Ọ na-mere si na-inert ihe onwunwe ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka ụrọ, china, plastic, seramiiki, metal ma ọ bụ graphite. The dịanyā a nwere akụkụ nke 3 na 75 mm na nwere nnukwu n'elu ebe na kọntaktị na Alụlụụ-mmiri mmiri ngwakọta. The uru nke na-ejuputa na nnukwu bụ a nnukwu ike, iguzogide elu nrụgide na ala na-eri.

Dara fillers nwere nnukwu ike na ezi wettability. Ceramics enweta ọbụna elu wettability, ma ha na-adịghị dị ka inogide. Plastic ike zuru ezu, ma-agụghị oké wetted na a ala eruba ọnụego. Ebe ọ bụ na seramiiki fillers na-eguzogide ọgwụ corrosion, ha na-eji na elu okpomọkụ na plastic anaghị idi.

Packet mbukota bụ a ahaziri okporo, akụkụ nke nke-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi na dayameta nke kọlụm. Gbaa mbọ hụ na e ogologo ọwa nke mmiri mmiri iyi na uzuoku. Ha bụ ihe oké ọnụ, ma nwere ike belata nsogbu dobe. Packet nozzles kwadoro na ala eruba ọnụego na ala nsogbu. Ha na-emekarị ka nke osisi, mpempe akwụkwọ metal ma ọ bụ kpara ntupu.

Eji na-agbake mgbaze na Petrochemical ọrụ.

Distillation na distillation kọlụm

The kasị n'ọtụtụ ebe na nke kọlụm efere ụdị. The ọnụ ọgụgụ nke efere na-adabere na chọrọ ịdị ọcha na nkewa ike. Ọ na-emetụta otú elu ga-rectification kọlụm.

ya na-arụ ọrụ ụkpụrụ bụ dị ka ndị. The ngwakọta a nri n'etiti kọlụm elu. The dị iche na ịta na-eduga ná eziokwu ahụ bụ na obere obodo mmiri nke Alụlụụ stream ruo a ọmụmụ iyi. The gas exiting si condenser nwere ọtụtụ volatiles na obere obodo na-aga site okpomọkụ na ọmụmụ eruba.

The jiometrị nke efere na kọlụm na-emetụta ogo na ụdị kọntaktị n'etiti ndị dị iche iche na-adọ na-ekwu, nke ngwakọta. Structurally, ha na-rụrụ myọ, valvụ, afụ-okpu, myọ, na cascaded t. D. The perforated efere, nke nwere oghere maka uzuoku, na-eji na-enye elu arụmọrụ na ala na-eri. Dị ọnụ ala karịa valvụ trays nke oghere na-nyere na oghere na mmechi valves na-ewekarị karịrị akarị n'ụlọikpe n'ihi na ìgwè nke ihe onwunwe ha. Cap nyere na okpu na-ekwe ka Alụlụụ ndiwet site ọmụmụ site na obere oghere. Ọ bụ ihe ndị kasị elu na ọnụ technology, irè na ala eruba udu. Fluid aga si otu efere ọzọ ala vetikal igbapu ọkpọkọ.

Efere ogidi na-eji na-agbake solvents si usoro n'efu. Ha na-eji maka na mgbake nke methanol na a ihicha ọrụ. The mmiri exits, na obodo organic n'efu na-agafere banye Alụlụụ adọ dị ka a mmiri mmiri ngwaahịa. Nke ahụ bụ ihe a distillation na distillation kọlụm.

cryogenic distillation

Cryogenic distillation bụ ojiji nke nkịtị ụzọ siri esi na gas mma ka a mmiri mmiri ala. The usoro na-ejikwara na okpomọkụ n'okpuru -150 Celsius C. N'ihi nke a, okpomọkụ exchangers na coils. The dum Ọdịdị a na-akpọ a cryogenic unit. Gasị, haruru tinye ngọngọ na na-distilled na nnọọ ala okpomọkụ. Cryogenic distillation kọlụm packings na pụrụ ịbụ a hà. Ogbe imewe ọzọ mma n'ihi na nnukwu ihe onwunwe bụ obere irè na ala okpomọkụ.

Otu n'ime ndị isi ngwa nke cryogenic distillation bụ nkewa nke ikuku ya akụrụngwa, haruru.

extractive distillation

The extractive distillation iji ọzọ ogige na-eme ihe dị ka a mgbaze maka mgbanwe ikwu volatility nke otu akụrụngwa nke ngwakọta. The extractive kọlụm na bekee na iche, na ihe mgbaze na-kwukwara. oriri stream akụrụngwa nke a chọrọ iji wepụ, e jikọtara ya na a mgbaze na bụ na mmiri mmiri na-adọ. Ọzọ akụrụngwa anwụ na-amịrị na-aga ka distillate. The abụọ distillation kọlụm ọzọ umi ekewapụ si mgbaze, nke na-ahụ laghachiri gara aga ụkwụ na ụkwụ, ka ekpeghachi okirikiri.

Extractive distillation na-eji maka kewara ogige na yiri mmiri ịgbọ agbọ ihe na azeotropic mixtures. Extractive distillation bụghị dị ka juru ebe niile na ụlọ ọrụ, dị ka a ot distillation ruru chepụta mgbagwoju. Otu ihe atụ bụ usoro nke inweta cellulose. The organic mgbaze ekewapụ pulp si lignin, na nke abụọ distillation na-enye ohere iji nweta ọcha umi.