Ion crystal lattice

Solids adị crystalline na amorphous na ọkacha mma nwere a crystalline Ọdịdị. Ọ dị iche ziri ezi na ọnọdụ nke ahụ na kpomkwem kọwaa ihe, ji oge nlọghachite na volumetric, atọ akụkụ ohere. Ọ bụrụ na uche jikọọ isi ihe ndị a na ogologo - nweta a ohere etiti, nke a na-akpọ a crystal lattice. Okwu ahụ bụ "crystalline lattice" na-ezo aka a geometric ụkpụrụ nke na-akọwa a atọ akụkụ periodicity na ịtụkwasị ụmụ irighiri (atọm, ion) na crystal ebe.

ahụ a na-akpọ ebe isi nke lattice ọnụ. Inside eku bụ inter-ọnụ nkwurịta okwu. Ụdị na ọdịdị nke ahụ nkwurịta okwu therebetween: irighiri, atọm, ion - ekpebi ụdị nke crystal lattice. Na ngụkọta e nwere ebe anọ nke ndị a na ụdị: ionic, atọm, molekụla na metal.

Ọ bụrụ na ndị lattice ihe mere ndokwa ion (ahụ na a na-ezighị ezi ma ọ bụ mma ụgwọ), nke a ion crystal lattice, ji njikọ nke otu aha.

Ndị a njikọ na-agụsi ike na ike. N'ihi ya, mmadụ na ụdị ihe owuwu nwere a zuru ezu elu ekweghị ekwe na njupụta, na-abụghị obodo na refractory. Na ala okpomọkụ, ha na-akpa àgwà dị ka insulators. Otú ọ dị, n'elu agbaze nke ndị dị otú ahụ ogige agbajikwa geometrically ziri ezi ion crystal lattice (ion ebe) na-ebelata ike njikọ.

Na okpomọkụ nso agbaze okpomọkụ nke kristal na ionic nkekọ na-ama enwe ike iburu eletriki ugbu a. Ndị dị otú ahụ ogige bụ ngwa ngwa soluble na mmiri na ndị ọzọ dị mmiri mmiri, nke na-ekewet nke pola ụmụ irighiri.

Ion crystal lattice njirimara niile bekee na ionic nkekọ - salts, metal hydroxides, metal ọnụọgụ abụọ ogige na nonmetals. Ionic nkekọ adịghị directivity na ohere n'ihi na onye ọ bụla ion jikọtara ọtụtụ counter ion, ike nke mmekọrịta na-adabere na anya n'etiti ha (Coulomb iwu). Ion metụtara ogige nwere ndị na-abụghị molekụla Ọdịdị, ha solids na ionic lattices, ukwuu pola, elu agbaze na esi ihe, na okenye ihe ngwọta, ọ bụ electrically conductive. Ogige na ionic nkekọ ya dị ọcha ụdị na-fọrọ nke nta ahụghị.

Ion crystal lattice e ji mara nke ụfọdụ ahụkarị oxides na hydroxides nke ọla, salts, i.e., Bekee na ihe ionic chemical nkekọ.

Tụkwasị na nke ahụ bụ ihe ionic nkekọ, dara, molekụla na covalent nkekọ na crystal.

Kristal enwe a covalent nkekọ, bụ Semiconductors ma ọ bụ insulators. Ahụkarị ihe atụ nke atọm kristal bụ diamond, sịlịkọn na germanium.

Diamond - a ịnweta cubic allotropic mgbanwe (ụdị) nke carbon. The crystal lattice nke diamond - nuclear, nnọọ mgbagwoju anya. The ọnụ nke ndị dị otú a lattice atọm na-interconnected site nnọọ ike covalent agbụ. Diamond-emi esịnede iche iche carbon atọm dị otu onye dị n'etiti nke a tetrahedron, onye vertices bụ anọ kacha nso atọm. Ndị dị otú ahụ a lattice e ji fcc unit cell, dapụtara na kacha ekweghị ekwe nke diamond na dịtụ elu agbaze ebe. Na diamond lattice e nweghị ụmụ irighiri - na crystal nwere ike na-ahuta ka otu nnukwu molekul.

Ke adianade do, ndị atọm crystal lattice e ji mara nke sịlịkọn, siri ike boron, germanium na ogige nke onye ọcha na sịlịkọn na carbon (silica, quartz, mica, osimiri ájá, sịlịkọn carbide). Ke ofụri ofụri, ndị nnọchiteanya nke crystalline solids na atọm lattice na-ole na ole.