Isiokwu nke kwubara na Tsarist Russia. Isiokwu nke kwubara otutu nke Russian Federation

"Isiokwu nke kwubara" Tsarist Russia (1722-1917) predstalyaet a iwu na usoro maka emegideghị oru bekee na Russian Republic na Russian Alaeze Ukwu, ọ na-egosi na ndị ruru nke dị iche iche otuto n'ohu na iji na nke nkwalite na ọkwá.

Ọ e mma site Peter m na January 1722 na kere ruo November 1917 na ọtụtụ mgbanwe. N'ókèala ụfọdụ achịkwa Cossack ọcha ọchịchị, ya edinam nọrọ ruo October 1922. Iwu "Isiokwu nke kwubara" nke Russian Federation adịghị adị.

History nke e kere eke

Tsar Pita wee ifịk akụkụ ndị e kere eke na-edezi nke iwu a, bụ nke dabeere na-agbaziri si ndepụta isi nke Prussian, French, Danish na Swedish alaeze. Peter onwe ịmegharị ike ike draft, bịanye aka na ya na 1721, ma tupu n'akwụkwọ iwu ka o weta iwu ka Sineti.

Ọdịnaya nke "Isiokwu nke kwubara" Tsarist Russia, ma e wezụga n'obodo, a hụrụ na Admiralty na Military Chamber, ebe e mere ka a ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ikwu banyere otú ebe site n'ohu n'ohu ụgwọ ụgwọ ọnwa, nakwa dị ka iwebata oge ochie Russian ọchịchị na tebụl na na na iwepu item na penalties soro ebe, nke bụ elu karịa ndị kwekọrọ ekwekọ n'usoro na chọọchị. All data ihe bụ, Otú ọ dị, ekpe na-enweghị elebakwuo na iwu "Isiokwu nke kwubara" (Russian alaeze). Na-eru elu ikpeazụ version e gara site òtù nke Sineti na Bruce Golovkin na Dmitriyev-Mamonov na Matyushkin - akwalite isi n'ozuzu ha.

"Isiokwu nke kwubara": otú na-ejere State na Tsarist Russia

January 24, 1722 eze mma na akwụkwọ. All n'ohu ugbu a kewara ndị na-esonụ atọ ụdị: a ndi nkiti na, agha na ikpe. Ha na-agụnye 14 iche iche ọmụmụ.

"Isiokwu nke kwubara" na tsarist Russia ẹkewetde nke a ngụkọta nke 263 ọnọdụ, ma mgbe ahụ, ụfọdụ n'ime ya kagburu, na mbubreyo narị afọ nke 18, okụrede kpam kpam.

butere n'aka ama

14 nke ọkwa (Fendrick, na mgbe e mesịrị, na 1730, ikike Officer) nyere nwoke ikike butere n'aka ama, nke na ọrụ Bekee nọ na-enwetara na-eru nke asatọ ọkwa (n'usoro nke collegiate assessor) na nke 14 (ie collegiate edeba) nri na-enye naanị ama ụgbọala ya.

Butere n'aka ama Manifesto, bipụtara June 11, 1845, e nwetara ọnụ na mmepụta nke 8th klas (nke kwekọrọ na isi a ọrụ). A mụrụ n'ihu nna ha nwetara ya, ụmụ a pụrụ iche, Atiya. Ha a na-akpọ ndị isi 'ụmụ. Na nke a, otu onye n'ime ha nwere ike nyere butere n'aka ama on nna ya gwara ya.

Mgbanwe ndị na-eme n'ọdịnihu na "Isiokwu nke kwubara otutu"

Na December 1856, ọ machibidoro Alexander II nyere iwu ike inweta ndị na-achị nke butere n'aka ama n'usoro nke ndị agha (a 6 ọkwa), na obodo ọrụ - 4th ọkwa.

Dị ka ị pụrụ ịhụ, na mbụ version, nke nwere a "Isiokwu nke kwubara" na Tsarist Russia e agbanwe dị ka a n'ihi nke mgbanwe nke fọrọ nke nta ka narị afọ abụọ. A ọtụtụ ndị nkịtị ọnọdụ aghọwo a aha nke obodo n'ohu, n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ n'ezie ọrụ nke ha na-anọchite anya.

kagburu utu aha

Dị ka ihe atụ, aha "collegiate assessor", "collegiate odeakwụkwọ", "State Councillor," "collegiate ndụmọdụ" na mbụ pụtara a ọnọdụ na-egwuri osisi so na bụrụkwa na Consultative votu, na osisi odeakwụkwọ na president nke "The State" osisi. Onyeisi oche nke Court Court na-akpọ "ogige ndụmọdụ." Na 1726, n'elu-e kwuru n'ụlọikpe na-kagburu, na n'usoro nke aha nọrọ ruo 1917.

"Isiokwu nke kwubara" na Tsarist Russia nyere ohere nkà ndị mmadụ, ndị nnọchiteanya nke ala ọmụmụ, na-enwe ọganihu, gụnyere na-ama.

nkewa n'ohu

N'ohu e kewara isi ụlọ ọrụ ojii, onye-ndú (ruo ọkwa 9, ie n'usoro nke titular ndụmọdụ / onyeisi yana idobe okirikiri) na ọchịagha. Anyị mata n'ohu mbụ na nke abụọ ọmụmụ (top ọchịagha). Ha kwesŽrŽ arịrịọ ya: n'ihi na agadi ọrụ nche - "Gị Honor", dabeere Ofitserova nwere na-akpọ - "Gị Honor," ndị ọchịagha - "Onye Ukwu", na ndị nnọchiteanya na mbụ na nke abụọ ọmụmụ - "Onye Ukwu."

N'adabereghị guzo n'ohu 5th mezuwo (State Councillor / foreman), na-adịghị depụtara n'etiti abughi ọchịagha ma ọ bụ ndị ọrụ nche, ha kwesịrị ịrịọ ndị na-esonụ - "Gị Honor."

Kwubara, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-adịghị kpọmkwem kwuru, naanị mmadụ. Nwunye na-eme ihe dị ha n'okpuru di ha ọkwá na-alụghị nwaanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ e weere ọtụtụ akara ule ala karịa ndị nna nna ha. Ọzọkwa na-ewebata a na-achị dị ka nke ina ebe na ukpono n'elu ya n'usoro n'oge iwu nnọkọ na ọha ememe dabeere ezi, nke ra ka ọnwa abụọ 'ụgwọ nke onye, nke 2/3 nke ego dị mkpa iji na-enweta mgbaàmà. Otu ntaramahụhụ a na-amanye maka ọrụ nke a onye nke ala n'usoro gị na saịtị. Livery, ndi oru ugbo, si ebi ndụ - ihe niile a ga-dị na n'usoro na-arụ.

Mmasị ndị ọrụ agha Peter m

Peter m, na-emesi ike nile na mmasị a ndi nkiti na agha, na-achọghị ka ndị mmadụ na ọrụ Bekee, na mkpa isi na klas nke mbụ. Ma, kwenye Osterman, apụta na diplomatic ugwu n'usoro chancelo (isi nke a diplomatic ọrụ) ya.

N'usoro nke mara Councillor klas m e guzobere naanị mgbe e mesịrị. Peter mmasị E gosipụtara eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọ bụrụ na ndị agha na-ahụ n'usoro nke klas nke 14 enweta butere n'aka ama, ọrụ Bekee - na na aha nke Collegiate Assessor (mezuwo 8, isi ojii n'usoro). Malite site 1856 bụ na a n'ozuzu n'ọkwá dị mkpa maka nke a, na-aghọ n'ezie ala kansulo.

Indicative na nke a bụkwa ezi ala n'usoro (ọbụna izugbe si), nke nwere a board president, "The State", ya bụ, ozi n'ihi European echiche.

Ekemende Ministers kwadebere n'ohu nzuzo enye Ndụmọdụ na n'ezie nzuzo enye Ndụmọdụ.

Mmetụta na ọha mmadụ na ama

Na iwebata oge ochie a iwu kwubara (courtiers, ma ama) e chie kagburu, ma ebe ọ bụ na kwụsịrị ha na-aga. "Isiokwu nke kwubara" nwere oké mmetụta na akụkọ ihe mere eme akara aka nke na ama, nakwa dị ka ke ukara oge. Naanị a onye nweta bụ nanị regulator nke ọrụ ndokwa. Izu, "nna nsọpụrụ" ka furu efu niile pụtara na nke a. Nke a bụ isi n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke a pụtara akwụkwọ dị ka "Isiokwu nke kwubara" na Tsarist Russia.

Site n'ụlọikpe na ọrụ Bekee e kewapụwo agha. The nnweta nke ama edidem award, onye nweta nkwado iwu. Nke a emetụta dum nke na ama on democratization, igba nke serving of ya agwa, dị ka nke ọma dị ka nkewa nke klas n'ime ìgwè ndị ọhụrụ - Personal na enweta.

ala klas n'usoro-ndi-agha (14 klas, Fendrick, na mgbe e mesịrị, na 1730 - ensign) ozugbo nyere ikike inweta ama niile ụmụ. Mgbe e mesịrị, Manifesto na 1845, ọ malitere inye naanị 8th ọkwa, na na ọrụ Bekee - 5th.