Karl Kautsky - German Economist, ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere na ọkà ihe ọmụma

Na ụwa nke akụ na ụba Ozizi ogide a pụrụ iche n'ebe German economists, ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma. Otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị dị ịrịba ama ndị nke oge ya bụ Karl Kautsky. Ọrụ ya nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-emekarị ndị ọrụ nke Marx, ma a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke pụrụ iche atụmatụ na-eme echiche nke German ọkà ihe ọmụma n'ụzọ Ya pụrụ iche. O jisiri adọta ọtụtụ ndị na-akwado na ụfọdụ nke ọrụ ya bụ ka mkpa. Ma ugbu a, Right-nku ndú ha akwụkwọ na-eji echiche na-kwupụtara site Karl Kautsky.

biography

The ndụ nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu Economist amalite oge ochie Prague ọ bụ ebe onye ukwu a mụrụ na 1854. N'oge ahụ, Central Europe mere pụtara jụụ ndụ, na ya agụmakwụkwọ njikọ mpi na ama British mahadum. Karl Kautsky natara ihe magburu onwe akwụkwọ na ndị University of Vienna. Mgbe ha ka a na-amụrụ, ọ na-akọrọ echiche nke socialists ma mara ihe odide nke Karl Marx. Ebe ọ bụ na ọgwụgwụ nke 1870, ọ na-akọrọ echiche nke ọtụtụ Marxists. Karịsịa, a na-akpọ na-akọ ugbo ajụjụ amalite ya mmasị na peculiarities nke na-arụ ọrụ ije ma na-achịkwa revisionism. Ọnọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ ewu nnọọ ewu magazine «Die Neue Zeit» na-eme ka mgbasa nke socialist echiche na Central na Western Europe, ọ bụ ezie na ya na-agụ akwụkwọ kwuru ụfọdụ pedantry nke ọrụ ya na a penchant maka nkà mmụta sayensị na scholasticism.

nduhie nke Marxism

Na 1885 -1888, Karl Kautsky biri na London, ebe ọ bụ na nso na kọntaktị na Engels na-akwado nke Marxism. Ebe ọ bụ na 1890, ọ kwagara Germany, ebe ọ nọgidere na-ebipụta akwụkwọ na akụkụ dị iche iche nke Marxism. Educator talent na virtuosity mere obere ọrụ Kautsky bụ nnọọ ewu ewu n'etiti ndị na-akwado socialist na buu mmegharị. N'etiti ọrụ ya analysis nke Thomas More na ya dystopia (1888), "Comments ka Eksfurtskoy Mmemme" (1892), "Antecedents Kacha ọhụrụ Socialism (1895).

Kautsky na Christianity

Otu nke ọrụ ya, ndị German Economist na ọkà ihe ọmụma a ga-ebibi ntoputa na mmepe n'ime ndị kasị nnukwu-ọnụ ọgụgụ okpukpe ije nke oge ya - Christianity. N'akwụkwọ ya, Kautsky kwuru banyere akụ na ụba na-elekọta mmadụ na-akpata na-ekpebi nke ọha mmadụ mkpa a okwukwe ọhụrụ, na-akọwa na ọ dị mkpa nke akụkọ ihe mere eme eme na ndị Juu na monotheism, ekele nke Christianity bilie dị ka a dị iche iche okpukpe. The ọrụ "Mmalite nke Iso Ụzọ Kraịst" na-ukwuu ekele ya dịkọrọ ndụ, ọ bụ ezie na, na ugbu a na-akpata a otutu esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị kwere ekwe na n'etiti ekweghị na Chineke.

aku na uba na-arụ ọrụ

A zuru ezu analysis nke akụ na ụba mmekọahụ ẹkenịmde site ya na 1887. "The Economic Nkwenkwe nke Karla Marksa" bụ ma eleghị anya ndị kasị ama na-arụ ọrụ nke a ọkà mmụta sayensị. Na ya na ịgụ na nghọta asụsụ na-akọwa na isi ihe nke ama "Capital". Ebe Kautsky akọwa ozizi nke isi obodo, na-enye doro anya oyiyi nke art inweta ndị mmadụ nnọọ anya n'ebe ndị aku akụziri.

Agrarian oru

echiche nke ikeketeorie ugbo na-brilliantly kpughere n'akwụkwọ nke Karl Kautsky, "The agrarian ajụjụ." N'ebe a, o na-akọwa na isi na ọnọdụ na-ji nwayọọ nwayọọ malite yiri ala nwe ruo ogologo oge: si feudal aku usoro na oge a na oge nke elu ikeketeorie. German Economist ike streamline na akọwa mgbakọ na mwepụ ihe, nke site na oge na-akwakọba nnukwu uka. Na ya na-arụ ọrụ, Kautsky dabeere ukara data si dị iche iche n'oru nyocha na censuses ekenịmde ke England, France, USA, Germany. The ezigbo eruba nke akụkọ nke n'oge feudal mmekọahụ oge a agriculture egosi otú agriculture na a obere oge ka ghọrọ usoro si nna na sayensị ọmụmụ, iji nweta kacha uru. All ya echiche n'ụzọ zuru okè na-edina na mgbawa nke Marx na ya na aku na uba adian.

Mbula si echiche nke Marxism

Ná mmalite nke narị afọ ọ inweta ihe na ọzọ na-ewu ewu echiche nke proletarian ọchịchị aka ike. Echiche nke na-agbanwe agbanwe aku Ọdịdị na dara na II Congress nke RSDLP, nke malitere na 1903 na Brussels, na mgbe ahụ wee na-arụ ọrụ na London. Kautsky ka anya soro deliberations nke ndị bịara mgbakọ ahụ, ma ya ikpe were Mensheviks (mgbochi Iskrists). N'oge a, Karl Kautsky bipụtara ọtụtụ ọrụ e dere na ndị mmụọ nke Marxism. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ na "ụzọ na Ike", "The Slav na mgbanwe." German Economist ọrụ nyochara VI Lenin, onye hotara mgbe ha na ya okwu. Kautsky ibuotikọ Lenin comments na mgbe e bipụtara na "Iskra".

Tupu Agha Ụwa

Nwayọọ nwayọọ rethinking nke echiche nke Karl Marx-eme ka Kautsky pụọ echiche nke revolutionary mgba na-arụ ọrụ na-na klas ije. Ọ enịmde a iwu nke ná mma na ihe dị iche iche revisionists. O sina dị, nke a akwụsịghị ya na ọrụ ya na-akwado ije nke liquidators n'etiti Russian Social-Democrats. Ọ bụkwa gọrọ ụkpụrụ nke Party nke Marxist nkà ihe ọmụma, na-aṅa ụtụ dị iche iche nke mkpesa neorganizatsionnym. Scientific socialism nke ọrụ ya na-agbalị-ngalaba-adị na-abụghị Marxist nkà ihe ọmụma echiche. Kautsky echiche na-enwe ịrịba mgbanwe. N'ịga n'ebe amamihe nke Marxism, ọ gbalịrị ịkọwa na-akwalite ụkpụrụ nke na-elekọta mmadụ-chauvinists.

Kautsky na 1917

Ná mmalite nke 1917, Kautsky bụ ozugbo idem ke e kere eke nke a ọhụrụ ọzọ, onye echiche ya n'ụzọ zuru ezu na-akọrọ. Ọ bụ otu nọọrọ onwe ha Social-Democratic Party nke Germany, nke ka na mbụ gburugburu nke ntuli aka ka dọtara a ọtụtụ votes. Ma October mgbanwe, Kautsky akpakanam nnọọ ezighị-na-emegide na nnyefe nke ike na-arụ ọrụ na nkịtị, ma na-ụkpụrụ nke bourgeois ochichi onye kwuo uche.

Na a oge nke isi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọgba aghara na Germany, ọ nọgidere na-enwe a N'ezie nke ná mma n'etiti ikeketeorie na socialist echiche. Ọnọdụ nke German ọkà mmụta sayensị na ihe enyocha ke ezu ma katọrọ VI Lenin, na ya n'isiokwu "The Proletarian mgbanwe na Kautsky mebiri emebi."

Dị ka na-eme, echiche nke German ọkà ihe ọmụma outgrown ya kere. Na post-agha Germany bụ ọchịchị kasị ikeketeorie usoro. Favorite nwa Kautsky si (Social Democratic Party) okụt egwu atụmatụ. Mgbe fasizim na Central Europe welie anya, Kautsky bụghị e chọpụtara na ihe dị egwu pụta a nwere ike ime ka. Na 1938, na ya ọ hụrụ n'anya Vienna Nazi bịara, na Karl Kautsky nwere ịkwaga Prague na mgbe ahụ ka Amsterdam, ebe o kwusịrị ya ọrụ.