LSD - kere Albert Hofmann. LSD-25 ndinọ. Psychological mmetụta na ya pụta nke eji LSD

Na Swiss Alps, ebe ikuku bụ kristal doro anya, na-echeghị na-agbachi nkịtị, nanị na wilderness bi ya afọ, nwoke, mbụ synthesized LSD.

Onye Okike nke ọgwụ na-amụ na ụwa nke Prọfesọ Hofmann c nwata chọrọ ịmara ọdịdị na Ọdịdị nke okwu. Nchọpụta ọgwụ osisi, ọ dọọrọ uche gaa na-emetụta uche bekee na-emepụta ịmụ anya arọ nrọ ọhụụ ụdị. Ya isi mepụtara mere karịrị afọ 80 gara aga, ọ rụpụtara n'ime afọ 60 nke Western ụwa a psychedelic mgbanwe.

Banyere onye ọkà mmụta sayensị

Gēmebi prọfesọ nke onwu n'etiti amaghị nwoke mma nke ugwu nanị ya, na-ekwurịta okwu ndị agbata obi naanị ke kpuchie nke a nkịtị n'ikike. Na ezinụlọ m, Albert Hoffman bụ nanị onye biri ruo ndị a afọ. Agadi nwoke adịghị eji a enyemaka ịnụ ntị, na emeghị eyi iko. N'agbanyeghị afọ ndụ ya, o kwuru okwu n'ụzọ doro anya, nwere a nkọ n'uche, mgbe niile na-achịkwa ọchị na ụtọ anabata. Akụ na ụba ya na-ekwe ka ndokwa mma obi na a igwu mmiri, lawns na mpụga.

-Akpali mmasị, ndụ gbaruru otu narị afọ Albert Hofmann onwe ya buuru LSD. Onye Okike nke bekee ghọtara dị ka ọgwụ ike, na-eme ya oge. Na oge ikpeazụ nke apụghị ịbịanyụ abịanyụ ọkà mmụta loro a "ọrụ ebube Erere" na afọ atọ tupu ọnwụ ya.

The mmiri ọgwụ bụ obi ike na atụmanya nke ndị ya chọpụtara, ikwere na na XXI narị afọ, o kere eke ga-mkpa karịsịa. O kweere na ihe ọhụrụ uche, idozi puzzle nke mere, bụchaghị reclaims naieffektivneyshee umi na gbanwere mmadụ nsụhọ, ie. E. LSD-25, synthesized ha.

N'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta mara egwuregwu banyere Hofmann: sịnụ, a mmiri ọgwụ chọrọ a na-agwọ ya maka migraine, na bịara na a isi ọwụwa niile ndi mmadu - a sịntetik ọgwụ ike. Otú ọ dị, e nweghị ohere na anya ...

Swiss, ya nnyocha mere n'usoro

Ọ bịara nwee mmasị na kpara psychedelic Njirimara ji mee ochie na-agwọ ọrịa ergot. N'ihi ya, ọ na-akpọ a ero, a nje na spikelets nke ọka. Ọrụ ha na njikọ mmiri ọgwụ hụrụ analọg ergot umi, na-emetụta kpọmkwem na ụjọ usoro.

Albert Hofmann malitere nnyocha, dabere na mbụ nmepe. N'ihu ya, nke British ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kewapụrụ ergot alkaloidosoderzhaschy ọgwụ ergotoxine. A Rockefeller Institute na-eme nnyocha ịga nke ọma na-akpa iche isi, isi nke ergot alkaloids, na-akpọ ya lysergic acid.

Albert Hofmann aro na ergotoxine mejupụtara dị iche iche alkaloids, nara ha otu otu na-emepụta. Site na mmeghachi omume nke lysergic acid nkwekọrịta na amonia (amines) ọkà mmụta sayensị na 1938 godu successively synthesize a bekee. Iri abụọ na ise alkaloid tụgharịa lysergic acid diethylamide. Na German ya a na-akpọ Lyserg-saure-diaethylamid ma ọ bụ abbreviated - LSD. Mmiri ọgwụ nyere Ihe ihe na mahadum laabu wee n'ihu ọmụmụ. Kpebisiri ike site laabu molekụla usoro LSD nkọwa umi bụ nyochaworo.

Na-eche na ha na akpa na-emepụta LSD-25 ndinọ bụ ọma, Hoffman mere afọ ise na-eduzi nnyocha ọzọ. Otú ọ dị, ndị ikpeazụ ogbo nke njikọ, a manyere ya kwụsị ahụmahụ. Ihe kpatara nke a bụ mmetụta nke alkaloid na ozu, na-eme ịmụ anya arọ nrọ na agba oyiyi. Always mma n'anya na ahụmahụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eche: Ike ihe mere nke a bụ a miserly ego nke okwu mmasị ka Atụmatụ nke mkpịsị aka gị?

bike ụbọchị

Ọ bụ April 19, 1943.

Ọ bụ II World. Atumatu nke elu-igwe n'oge agha na ikuku agha n'elu Kuban gafere na Soviet ụgbọelu. Na Warsaw, ndị Juu Ghetto ndị mmadụ rigoro ihe ahaghị agha na-SS kpere n'ikpe. American na British agha agha azụ na Tunisia. Ka ọ dịgodị, na a na-anọpụ iche European obodo mmiri ọgwụ Albert Hofmann mepụtara ihe nnwale nke mmasị nnọọ ole na ole ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị.

Prọfesọ kọwara nkwenye nke Njirimara ịtụnanya alkaloid ya memoirs. Ọ bụ ụwa mbụ psychedelic nwere.

Scientific natara 250 micrograms nke ha synthesized ka lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Onye Okike nke psychedelic bekee ghọtara ntoputa nke nchegbu, visual distortions, giddiness, kwupụtara na mgbaàmà nke mkpọnwụ.

Mmetụta nke ọgwụ nwayọọ nwayọọ enwekwu na ụjọ usoro. Psychological mmetụta egosiwokwa na suppression okwu emmepe nke ụbụrụ. Osote prọfesọ kwuru ya enweghi ike coherently ichepụta amụma.

Mgbe ahụ Hoffmann esonyere ndị ọrụ ibe wee home na a ịnyịnya ígwè. The dọkịta chere na ọ na-apụghị ime, ma wee pụtara ngwa ngwa. Gbara experimenter yiri gbakee picture nke Salvador Dali: pedestrians, ọ na-achọpụta ụzọ jijiji na e-ekpu dị ka a ezighị mirror, na ulo tinyere na ọ bụ ndị nwere nkwarụ na dimpled.

Ịda mbà n'obi, anuri

Obatara Prọfesọ jụrụ nnyemaaka kpọọ dọkịta ma na-mmiri ara ehi si a onye agbata obi, bụ ndị kpebiri imebi mmetụta nke ọgwụ ahụ. Abịawo dọkịta ma e wezụga dilated ụmụ akwụkwọ, ọ dịghị ndị ọzọ n'ahụ ịrịba ama mmetụta nke LSD na ozu Hoffman chọpụtara. Ka ọ dịgodị, psychological mmetụta nke visual delirium gbakwunyere experimenter me ka mmiri ara ehi nwaanyị pụtara ìhè n'ihu ya ihe-eji nwayọọ ọjọ amoosu na a gbaa acha nkpuchi.

O yiri ya na ya onwe ya nwere ndị mmụọ ọjọọ, ma gbakee na ngwá ụlọ nke ụlọ ya egwu ndụ ya.

Mgbe ahụ, delirium na nchegbu na Hoffman gafere. Ha e dochie site na-egbuke egbuke acha oyiyi ọkọnọ n'ụdị mgbagwoju anya spirals na okirikiri etiwapụ acha isi-iyi. N'agbanyeghị na mechiri emechi anya wee na pụrụ iche anya n'okpuru nduzi nke LSD. Onye Okike nke ọgwụ dabara a blissful dream ala. Aza, prọfesọ chere ụfọdụ ike ọgwụgwụ na kwuru ihe na-akpali eziokwu: n'oge ọzọ ụbọchị nke ya aka uche amụbawo site na iji.

The mmetụta na psyche

The nkịtị Njirimara nke synthesized bekee Hoffman nnọọ unremarkable: enweghị ọ bụla uto na isi na-eme ka ya anya. Na-etokwa iko, ị pụrụ ịhụ na ihe ngwọta nke LSD crystallizes ka prisms. Ebe a, ma eleghị anya, na ihe nile.

Dị ka a maara, ndị molekụla usoro LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) bụ nke ụdị C ₂₀ H ₂₅ N ₃ O.

Ya pụrụ iche pharmacological Njirimara ekwe na negligible doses akpasu dị ike na yi visual ịmụ anya arọ nrọ. Ka anyị na-akọwa usoro nke ha guzobere.

Ọ na-ekerechi òkè nke ụbụrụ mmadụ na usoro ndị a na-assimilation nke "obi ụtọ hormone" (serotonin). Ikpeazụ emepụta n'ụbụrụ dị ka mkpa iji lebara ụmụ mmadụ nchegbu.

Na ya Ọdịdị, 25 na-nkewa dị ka ihe alkaloid Hoffman indolalkilamin, a umi yiri serotonin. LSD -25, na-echefu n'ime ahụ mmadụ, "na ịghọ aghụghọ ule" ihe kwesịrị ekwesị na-anabata ya na ụbụrụ, na-ewere mepụtara Hoffman nke aka ya "obi ụtọ hormone". Na asụsụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta akwara, e nwere a na-akpali akpali mmetụta nke ọgwụ ọjọọ na ụbụrụ ụgwọ ọrụ usoro (anabata ụtọ iji chefuo nchegbu).

The Okpu ọnọdụ ọgwụ

Ọkà mmụta sayensị na Zurich University mụụrụ Njirimara nke mbụ Hoffman synthesized alkaloid. Dị ka ọ tụgharịa si, o nwere oké ala toxicity, t. E. Man fọrọ nke nta ike anwụ ovadozu. (The ikpeazụ na-egosi na oge a na ọnụ ọgụgụ: karịrị afọ 70 nke ịdị adị nke ndị dị otú ahụ ikpe na-adịghị dere). Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-egbu egbu dose of LSD bụ nnọọ ohere, ọ bụ ọtụtụ narị ugboro elu karịa nkịtị.

Ọ kpebisiri ike na mmetụta na ozu LSD gbatịrị si 1/3 ọkara a ụbọchị. Mgbe ụbọchị atọ gasịrị mgbe na-anata ihe ọ na-kpamkpam anyụpụ si ahụ, na ya edidu na-adịghị ahụrụ metụtara.

The-eme nchọpụta chọpụtara: na ọgwụ ike na-adịghị na-eri ahụ na onye ya, ma o nweghi mmetụta ahụ ike. Ọ na-adịghị akpasu ara.

Na echiche nke n'elu, n'ihi na ihe fọrọ nke nta iri afọ abụọ (ruo mgbe ọgwụgwụ nke 60s) LSD e machibidoro. Na afọ 60, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-agbalị na-enyere ya aka na-emeso aṅụrụma, ịda mbà n'obi. N'ihi nke a anyị na-eji alkaloid onwunwe - ịkpasu ike obi Jeremaya mere yiri catharsis.

LSD na USSR

Na Soviet Union asịd ọganihu wee na nhazigharị. Mmetụta nke a ọgwụ arụọla nnọchiteanya abụọ nke nkà Bohemia: Barry Alebasov na Boris Grebenshchikov. Ezi site ohere onye ndú nke otu "Aquarium" kere hoo psychedelic song "N'okpuru-acha anụnụ anụnụ na mbara igwe a ọlaedo obodo ..." Ntị ọ na-emetụta yi bufee ihe oyiyi na ya.

N'ajụjụ ọnụ na ndị ukwu nke pop gwara banyere ọhụụ nke acha yiri mgbaaka na spirals. Ha gosikwara na ịbụ n'okpuru nduzi nke LSD, nwere ike, na-enweghị na-ahụkarị ụgbọala, nwayọọ gafee ọrụ n'aka ụzọ.

Nke a bụ otú ndị bụbu emeputa ihe nke "Na-Na" na-akọwa otú obi dị ya: "Gravity kpamkpam, ndị mmadụ na-apụ n'anya, nike nike akpọkwa, na ndị mmadụ nwere ike mfe na-aga si na windo nke a multistory ụlọ, kweta na ya nwere ike ofufe."

Ebe ọ bụ na LSD ekenịmde nwere na Soviet chemists na bụghị advertised. Ọrịa uche Vladimir Pshizov kwuru banyere ha n'ihu ọha. Na afọ 60 nke ndị ọrụ ibe ya na-elelị mmadụ experimentation. Ya otu (na anyị anaghị ehota aha) me ntụtụ LSD abụọ iche iche nke ọrịa, site na nke ibuo psychosis aka njọ. The ihe onwunwe na-enweta bụ isiokwu ya dissertation.

Taboo on LSD

Site na njedebe nke 60s na US ọchịchị na mgbe mba ndị ọzọ nwere amanye a machibidoro na uru ọ bụla nke iri abụọ na ise alkaloid Hoffman: ọgwụ, ntụrụndụ, ime mmụọ. Lysergic acid (LSD) aghọwo mmadụ ize ndụ n'ihi na nke ejiji na ya.

Na ụbọchị nke beatles «a onyinye nke Hoffman" na-agbalị maka onwe gị banyere abụọ nde ndị America, ọ ghọọ ihe ndị kasị controversial ọgwụ na ụwa. The kasị emepụta nke LSD, America Picard na Eperson enye a agha niile nke hippies. Mgbe ha ọdịdọ na siizi nke ntụgharị nke ọgwụ ngwá jụrụ site 90% na ụwa.

Na afọ 60 na isi akwalite LSD ghọrọ a Harvard akparamaagwa prọfesọ Timoti Liri.

Na-eso ụzọ na-akpọ ya "onye na nnukwu onye nchụàjà." Ọ bụ n'ezie adọrọ adọrọ onye. Onye Ozizi ọbịa "J.Randall" ụmụ akwụkwọ ọgwụ enweghị mbụ ịgwa ha banyere ya. A chụpụrụ ya Harvard na a asịrị, ma hippies guzo guzosie ike maka ya, na-atụle martyr. Timoti Liri ghọrọ a scandalous onye: ọ ugboro ugboro jidere, ọ gbagara.

Ná ngwụsị nke ndụ nke "Akwa Oku", n'amaghị ama, o mere ka ndị kasị dị ike mgbochi-mgbasa ozi lysergic acid. Timoti Liri mere a igbu onwe ndụ, bequeathing ya ka 'bipu isi na ụbụrụ, corroded na LSD. " Ọ bụ ihe na eerie n'anya mere ka ọtụtụ nde ndị mmadụ ịkpọasị na ojuju nke ọgwụ.

megidere iwu

Mgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ mgbe ọganihu nke 60 LSD ahịa ebelata site ugboro iri. Otú ọ dị, "na-ekpo ọkụ nnweta" bụ lysergic acid, na ụbọchị anyị. Ọ na-eresị na obere na obere doses (75 na 250 mg) dị iche iche:

• "Brand" ma ọ bụ "hichapụ" (akwụkwọ impregnated na LSD ngwọta);
• gelatin epupụta;
• jel (etinyere anụ ahụ);
• mbadamba.

Ọ bụ nnọọ ize ndụ na-ọgwụ n'amaghị banyere ya Njirimara.

N'etiti ọgwụ ọrụ nabatara-eme ya na a "elekọta" ọha mmadụ - a nwoke onye bi ya nri uche na-agbazi behavior've kwukwara 25th alkaloid Hoffman.

Celebrities na LSD

Na taa ọ dịghị edo àgwà Swiss mepụtara. Akwado psychedelic ijuanya: "Ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị ahụ riri, gịnị bụ ihe a ọgwụ ọjọọ," E wezụga na - na e nwere na ya iji dị ka a doping ọgụgụ isi (atụ nke a anyị ekwuola).

Ọ rụrụ ụka na lysergic acid (LSD) bụ ọgwụ n'ezie, ma naanị iwu. (Nke a bụ eziokwu nwetara na UN Convention nke 1971).

Kwalitere maka legalization nke bụghị naanị gbochie ihe mere Timoti Liri, ọ jara abụọ Nobel Laureates na abụọ Gurus of kọmputa ngwaike na software.

Ọ bụ Francis Crick na Kary Mullis, nakwa dị ka Bill Gates na Steve Jobs. Ọzọkwa, dị ka nke ikpeazụ, sorokwa LSD ná ndụ ya "bụ otu n'ime atọ kasị mkpa."

ọgwụgwụ

Ndị Nkwado Okwukwe nke umi aghụghọ. Ọ dị mma ige anyị ụmụ amaala ibe bụ ndị nwetara ahụmihe nke ukwu ọgwụ LSD na ya onwe ya. Gịnị ka ha na-ekwu?

Dị ka ha na-enwu gbaa foto na-enwe ọtọ n'ihu eziokwu na a ọgwụ ọjọọ riri ahụ ruo ogologo oge "na-aghọ a na akwukwo nri," dara nke n'afọ iri na ụma nke ndụ, "ọ dara n'oge."

Mgbe ọ kpọtere elu mgbe Friday dose, mgbe ụbọchị abụọ mmezi gafere, na yad - on Monday. N'otu oge ahụ, n'ezie, ọ dịghị ajụjụ nwere ike ịbụ na echiche ike. Kpatara ọgwụ ọjọọ na-juru: ndị mmadụ chọta onwe ha a echiche n'ụlọ ọgwụ.

Ọ kwesịrị ịṅa ntị na laconic aka ná ntị, bụ ugbu a na ọtụtụ reviews nke mbụ ọgwụ ọjọọ riri ahụ ụmụ amaala ibe: "LSD eweta ụbụrụ!".