Metrology: e ji atụ, a ọtụtụ ngwá. Nhazi ọkwa ji atụ n'aka

Anyị ga na-agbalị na isiokwu a na-ebukọtala a kọmpat set nke isiokwu: metrology, Standardization metụtara ya, na Russian ala metrological emmepe, nakwa dị ka atụ ihe - ha àgwà, ụdị, nhazi ọkwa na ojiji. Ka anyị na-amalite na ihe ndị kasị oghere isiokwu - sayensị na-akpọ metrology.

Metrology: nkọwa, ihe mgbaru ọsọ, iwu

Metrology, atụ, a ọtụtụ ngwá - interconnected echiche. Metrology (Gris oge ochie μέτρον + λόγος -. "Tụọ" + "sayensị") - ọkà mmụta sayensị nke ọtụtụ, ya bụ n'ihe, ya ụzọ na ngwaọrụ-enyere hụ na ịdị n'otu na izi ezi nke nha.

Fundamentals nke metrology na-atụ aro ndị na-esonụ mgbaru ọsọ na nzube:

• mmepe nke a n'otu ozizi n'ihe;
• agụmakwụkwọ usoro a nọmba nke anụ ahụ nkeji;
• Development na ụdi Standardization pụtara na n'ihe ụzọ, ụzọ chọpụta ha ziri ezi, ọchịchọ na Ime Otu na ịdị n'otu;
• ịzụlite doro anya na ụkpụrụ na usoro, n'ihe samples, nke dabeere na anụ ahụ constants;
• ọmụmụ nke usoro nke ọtụtụ na akụkọ ihe mere retrospect.

Ihe bụ isi iwu nke metrology bụ atọ:

1. Ọ bụla n'ihe - a tụnyere.
2. Ọ dịghị n'ihe data enweghị a priori apụghị nwetara.
3. Results nke nha enweghị ihe ọ bụla ịchịkọta ụkpụrụ - na random agbanwe.

nkebi metrology

Science na-ekewa n'ime ọtụtụ mmiri:

• Usoro iwu. Fundamentals nke metrology dabeere na evolushọn. Nkebi nke a na-enyocha ndị kasị nsogbu nke quantitative nha, nakwa dị ka na-amalite usoro iwu nkwenkwe.
• Legislative. Social sayensị, nke na-ekpebi ndị chọrọ iwu oru na ọnọdụ maka ojiji nke nkeji ịtụ ụzọ na ngwaọrụ.
• Etinyere. Na aka, aka-ngalaba metrology, ewebata mmepe nke usoro iwu akụrụngwa nke ndụ, nakwa dị ka na-emeso metrology software.
• Historical. Na-enyocha n'oge gara aga n'ihe nkeji, ha progression na oge na-ekpebi aha ha, nakwa dị ka mmekọrịta na ụkpụrụ nke ọtụtụ nke modernity.
• Pụrụ iche ebe. A na-agụnye "pụrụ iche" metrology - ọgwụ, chemical, aerospace, ndu (biometrics).

Standardization Metrology

Metrology na Standardization nwere njikọ chiri anya. Standardization na akụkụ a - izugbe na kpọmkwem iwu nke metrological support-eso mmepụta usoro. The ihe niile ga-ọzụzụ metụtara ngwaahịa a: usoro iwu akwụkwọ na chọrọ nke àgwà ụkpụrụ nke ndidi, nakwa dị ka ụzọ nweta benchmark pụta. N'otu oge ahụ mepụtara ụkpụrụ nwere ike etinyere ọ bụghị nanị na a akpan akpan enterprise, ma ghọọ mmadụ bara uru.

Standardization Metrology mgbaru ọsọ ndị na-esonụ:

• Mkpebi Siri Ike nke isi e ji mara nke àgwà nke akwụkwọ ngwaahịa, ihe mbụ na-eme bụ etozu mmiri na akụrụngwa.
• Mmepe nke kpọmkwem ibiere àgwà nke dapụtara ngwaahịa na-ahụ kpebisiri ike site n'aka metrological akara.
• Ọchịchọ nke Ime Otu nke ngwaahịa.
• Ịmepụta ụkpụrụ usoro iji hụ ịdị n'otu nke niile akụkụ na enterprise.

Metrology na Standardization rụọ ọrụ na isi ihe abụọ akwụkwọ:

• Standard - iwu na nkà na ụzụ mmekọahụ na iwu ụfọdụ, ụkpụrụ na chọrọ maka mmepụta na ikpeazụ ngwaahịa. The ugbu a ọkọlọtọ - a na-mma site nyere ikike nzukọ.
• Tu (technical ọnọdụ) - a set nke iwu, norms na chọrọ maka a akpan akpan ụdị ngwaahịa.

N'ọtụtụ Standardization Metrology:

• International. International Standardization na Metrology Center bụ agha nke ọtụtụ na-ekwu n'otu ahia, izugbe na nkà mmụta sayensị na mmepe, na itinye n'ọnọdụ ndị nkịtị na-azara ọnụ na na.
• State. Standardization Metrology rụrụ site ọchịchị, nke na-ewulikwa ya ga-eme n'ọdịnihu.
• National. Ọzọ a mba ọnụ ọgụgụ, ma na-enweghị kpọmkwem aka nke ndị ọchịchị.

Isi Russian Center maka Standardization na Metrology - a GSS (steeti usoro Standardization). Nke a mgbagwoju agwakọta niile chọrọ ghọọ otu dum, ọ na-enyere imaatu n'ichepụta na mmepụta nke niile anụ ụlọ osisi na ụlọ mmepụta ihe na.

State Center nke Metrology na Asambodo

Dị ka Federal Iwu "On huu ịdị n'otu nke nha" na ala larịị hapụụrụ-eme iji hụ na ịdị n'otu nke Russian State Standard ịtụ. na GMR bụ ya ikike - steeti metrological ọrụ. Ọ na-agụnye ndị na-esonụ components:

• Alaka nke Central ngwa nke State Standard nke Russian Federation maka atụmatụ, management na akara nke Ime Otu nke nha na mba cross-ụlọ ọrụ larịị.
• SSMC (steeti na nkà mmụta sayensị metrological emmepe) - maka mmepe, ịkwakọba na ojiji nke ụkpụrụ-ụkpụrụ, nakwa dị ka maka nkwadebe nke usoro iwu akwụkwọ, na-enye traceability.
• HMS ọnụ ọgụgụ nkeji nke RF achị - Realization nke metrological akara ke kpọmkwem ebe.

Ụlọ Ọrụ nke ụkpụrụ ndị dị na Russian Federation

Chief State Metrology Center a na-ewere VNIIMS - All-Russian Research Institute maka Metrological Service. Ọ na-eburu si na nkà mmụta sayensị na methodical management nke niile metrological ọrụ, nrụtụ ha eme, nakwa dị ka na-emepe emepe a dịgasị iche iche nke (akụ na ụba, nzukọ, na nkà mmụta sayensị) bases nke metrological support.

Na mgbakwunye na ụkpụrụ VNIIMS mkpa emmepe na Russian Federation ga-:

• VNIIM. Ebe a na-kere na ịchekwa site fọrọ nke nta niile ụkpụrụ nke World usoro nke ọtụtụ, ewepu samples ugboro nkeji na oge. The Institute esetịpụ ihe karịrị 50% niile Russian ala ụkpụrụ.
• VNIIFTRI. Na mgbakwunye na oge ọkọlọtọ na a na ulo akwukwo bụ magnetik sample, na quantities redio ugboro nkeji, ekweghị ekwe, nsogbu, ionizing radieshon, na ndị ọzọ na ala okpomọkụ.
• VNIIOFI. Nha nke dị iche iche laser kwa, ọgwụ kwa, spectrometry, na ndị ọzọ na ngwa anya ụkpụrụ.
• SNIIM. Standards nke eletriki, magnetik, redio na ndị ọzọ na variables.

Ihe metrology emmepe

Isi vector ọrụ HMS - mmezi nke ịdị n'otu nke nha na steeti. Nakwa na ya òkè nke ọrụ maka metrological nkwado nke nha na Russia, na steeti akara na ubi nke metrology. Ntụziaka nke GMR - ọ bụ:

• oruru nke ụkpụrụ, na mba na nke sekọndrị;
• akpụ usoro ma ọ bụ ohuru nnyefe kwa nke FB arụ ọrụ SI nkeji;
• gosnadzora imewe / ojiji nke / ala / idozi n'ihe usoro;
• metrological nyochaa dị iche iche n'isiokwu;
• methodical support nke ala metrological ọrụ.

ọrụ Rosstandart

Rosstandart na metrology - a arụmọrụ nke alụmdi na ndị dị otú ahụ ọrụ:

• Nchikota nke ọrụ iji hụ traceability.
• Development nke iwu nke e kere eke, nchekwa, ihu ọma na ime ihe nke uru ụkpụrụ.
• Metrological ala-elekọta.
• Eduzi HMS na ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka traceability.
• Nkuchi nke ụkpụrụ na ụkpụrụ iji hụ Ime Otu nke nha.
• Ịghọta nke teknuzu ngwaọrụ ji atụ n'aka.
• Development na nnwapụta ịtụ ụzọ.
• Accreditation emmepe enwe SI.
• Nkuchi nke SR ụdị.
• Idebe FSTS.
• Ihu SI anatara, n'okpuru nkwenye.
• Development nke ikikere na usoro nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na ụlọ ọrụ na-Nlụpụta, mmezi, na-ere ma ọ bụ inye aka SI maka hire.
• Planning na nzukọ dị iche iche na metrological eme na otú pụta.

SI - a ...

Ka anyị na-atụgharị ihe biri Metrology na mmesho. atụ ihe (SI) - a technical ngwaọrụ nke nha na-rụrụ. Ọ e ji eziokwu na ọ na-arụ ma ọ bụ na-eme a unit ịtụ nke a anụ ahụ nke ukwu.

Federal Iwu № 102 na-ekpebi SI ka n'aka, otu n'ime nke a raara - mmesho. Gụnye a ngwaọrụ atụ ihe na mba anyị nwere ike na-Federal gị n'ụlọnga maka oru iwu na metrology.

nhazi ọkwa SI

Lee ndị kasị nhazi ọkwa atụ ihe na metrology na n'ihe:

• N'ihi na atụ kwa kpebie:
  • mgbali;
  • okpomọkụ;
  • ọtụtụ;
  • larịị;
  • ngwọta ịta na otú pụta.
• Kachasinu tụrụ:
  • ofu akụ;
  • ihe.
• Standardization SI:
  • etozu;
  • ndị na-abụghị etozu.
• On ọnọdụ nke nkwenye atụmatụ:
  • ụkpụrụ;
  • SI ọrụ.
• Dị ka larịị nke akpaaka:
  • n'aka;
  • akpaghị aka;
  • akpaka.
• Dị tehnaznacheniyu:
  • tụọ ahụ quantities - SR, imepụtaghachi ma ọ bụ na-akpakọba na uru nke otu / ọtụtụ nha;
  • Mita - SI, na nke i nwere ike ịmụta uru tụrụ na a ụfọdụ nso;
  • Transmitter - SR, nke atọghata a tụrụ atụ uru ọzọ;
  • ji atụ usoro - a mgbagwoju, na ijikọta ọtụtụ transmitters, ngwá na omume, bụ nke dị na a kpọmkwem ebe;
  • ji atụ usoro - a mgbagwoju na-agwakọta ọtụtụ jikoro, ngwá, usoro na transducers ike nke ji atụ gbaa n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ihe;
  • e ji atụ na Mgbakọ usoro - a usoro na-agwakọta ọtụtụ SI, kọmputa, e mere iji lebara otu ma ọ bụ karịa nke na-amata ọtụtụ mgbagwoju aga-eme.

Nha: ụdị na ụzọ

N'ihe a na-akpọ na-achọta ụkpụrụ nke chọrọ ụkpụrụ empirically site SI. Ya isi ụzọ abụọ - ozugbo nwale na tụnyere nke ihe-ọtùtù. Ikpeazụ n'ihu kewara esi, efu, ukem ini usoro na mmegide. Banyere ihe kwesịrị ekwesị SI iche sensory, heuristic, ọkachamara na instrumental usoro.

Ekwu okwu nke metrology na nha, anyị na-anọchi anya ndị nhazi ọkwa nke ikpeazụ umu:

• Akparamagwa ziri ezi: hà ziri ezi na ahaghị. Ma ọ bụ kacha ziri ezi, mmezi ma na-achịkwa engineering.
• Site n'ụzọ nke inweta data: kọntaktị ma contactless.
• Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nha: otu na otutu.
• Site na-agbanwe ụdị nke tụrụ atụ uru: static na-akpa ike.
• Dị ka bu n'obi: metrological na oru.
• Dị ka dịgasị iche iche nke yiri ihe ọ n'ihi: ikwu na zuru.
• Dị ka ụzọ nke inweta oru oma data: kpọmkwem, anọ, cumulative na collaborative.

ngwa SI

N'ikpeazụ eri "Metrology, atụ, a ọtụtụ ngwá" ịpụta ngwa SI tụziri FZ № 102:

• gburugburu ebe obibi nchebe;
• ọrụ nchebe;
• ala nchịkwa;
• ebe nke na-eme na-azara ọnụ ụlọ ọrụ;
• hydrometeorology;
• ego, tax, omenala, ichekwa ego na bank arụmọrụ;
• egwuregwu;
• ụzọ nchekwa;
• ọgwụgwọ ọrịa anụmanụ na nkà mmụta ọgwụ;
• ọkàikpe;
• telekomunikashions, post office;
• ime ntule;
• nkà mmụta ọgwụ;
• akara ke n'ichepụta;
• ọdịdị mbara ala, Gọọmenti;
• nkwakọ ngwaahịa;
• ahia;
• ubi nke nuclear ike.

Standards and metrology dị oké mkpa maka nnyocha, experimentation, na maka ihe nile ndi nke ọha mmadụ. Ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị Standardization na metrology siri Nlụpụta, n'aka n'ihe ndị ọzọ ga-aghọ akụkụ nke ndụ mmadụ.