Mmanụ na ụwa. Russian mmanụ ika

Ke akpatre afọ iri ọzọ na ndị ọzọ media metụrụ n'elu ike ego. Ọ dịghị ma e wezụga na mmanụ. The na-eri nke ụdị hydrocarbon akụrụngwa a kpụrụ dabere na mgbanwe trading, dị ka nke ọma dị ka ya dịgasị iche iche. Mmanụ na-ji ndị chemical mejupụtara na ebe, nke nwere a kpọmkwem mmetụta na ha bara uru.

ozi izugbe

Dịgasị iche iche ma ọ bụ ọkwa nke mmanụ - na qualitative e ji mara nke ngwaọrụ, mmepụta nke a rụrụ na otu ubi, dị iche iche ná ndị nke ọzọ site na ya mejupụtara na Ime Otu. Oil olulu nwere dị iche iche pụta ụwa naanị ya nkọwa, ya mere e nwere mkpa ya nhazi ọkwa. Mfe usoro mbupụ, ọ e mere ageme na nkewa nke ìhè na arọ mmanụ.

Na ụwa kwa afọ na-arụpụta ihe karịrị 20 ụdị nke na Ngwuputa. Dị ka ihe atụ, isi mbupụ crude mmanụ Russia - Urals arọ mmanụ na ìhè Siberia Ìhè, mgbe niile 5 iche na-emepụta. Na United States, e nwere ihe karịrị iri na abụọ na ụdị. Na echiche nke ndị dị otú ahụ di iche iche bụ bụghị ha niile nwere ike na ere na mba ahịa. Ya mere, price nke ọ bụla ika kpebisiri ike ikwu na welara akara ule - British Brent crude mmanụ, ndị US WTI na Middle East Middle East crude.

The uru nke ọ bụla akara kpebisiri ike site mmanụ discount ma ọ bụ adịchaghị ikwu welara ọkwa dabere na akụrụngwa mma. Dị ka ihe atụ, oké mmanụ na a elu ọdịnaya nke adịghị na sọlfọ ga-ahịa obere ma ọ bụ otu Brent WTI.

Njirimara nke ngwaọrụ

Dị ka a na-achị, mmanụ a kọwara dị ka a na nwa mmanu mmanu mmiri mmiri, ma ndị dị otú a definition na-abụghị eziokwu mgbe nile. Agba nwere ike ịdị iche iche site na nwa na-acha odo odo na uzo.

The kasị mkpa e ji mara ndị na- na ọnụọgụ nke viscosity na agbaze. Ụfọdụ crude mmanụ nwere ike mee na ala okpomọkụ, mgbe ndị ọzọ nọgide na-mmiri mmiri niile ọnọdụ ihu igwe. N'ihi na nke ndị dị otú ahụ di iche iche nke e ji mara mere ageme nkewa nke iche ghọọ ìhè, ọkara na arọ.

Na a na ndepụta na-na o siri ike na-eji dị ọcha ụdị, otú iji nweta a marketable ngwaahịa mmanụ recycled. The ọsọ na arụmọrụ nke nhazi akụrụngwa bụ ihe ra nrata nye njupụta na sọlfọ ọdịnaya na adịghị.

Ìhè iche na-ọzọ dị oké ọnụ n'ihi na nke ha na-ngwaahịa ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala, mmanụ dizel, manu oku. nwetara mmanụ na mmanụ ụgbọala maka ite-ọku uku nke arọ akara ule na-eji obere ugboro ugboro, otú ahụ na-eri nke ha n'okpuru ebe a.

na-akpali eziokwu

Ruo mgbe 1973, ndị na-eri "nwa gold" adịghị karịa 3 dollar. The price amụbawo 4-n'ogige atụrụ mgbe ban na mbupụ nke ngwaọrụ si Arab mba. Na mbụ 80s n'oge nsogbu na Middle Eastern mba, ndị na-eri malite n'etiti 15 na 35 dollar.

Mmanụ a ala sọlfọ ọdịnaya a na-akpọ "atọ ụtọ" na elu na - "gbara ụka." Ndị dị otú ahụ a aha o meriri, n'ihi na narị afọ nke 19, mmanụ ụlọ ọrụ na-agbalị ya. The na-eri nke nhazi gbara ụka crude mmanụ bụ budata elu karịa ke nhazi nke-atọ ụtọ. Ya mere, ụtọ bụ mgbe a price.

A akụkụ pụrụ iche nke ngwaahịa mgbanwe na New York bụ na e kwuru dollar price nke ngwaọrụ kwa gbọmgbọm, na ngwaahịa si ya - na cents kwa galọn.

Na London, ọ na-arụ ọrụ International Petroleum Exchange, ebe n'ụbọchị ahịa karịa 50,000 futures dị iche iche akara ule nke crude mmanụ na Brent mmanụ.

Physical nnyefe nke mmanụ na-rụrụ naanị maka 1% nke futures contracts.

Mmanụ na Russia

Total na-ebupụ si Russia 6 akara ule mmanụ.

Urals emepụta Khanty-Mansi Autonomous District na Tatarstan Republic. Nke a akara e ji a elu ọdịnaya nke sọlfọ ogige ma arọ hydrocarbon. The price nke Urals mmanụ kpebisiri ike site ya ego maka North Sea ọkwa Brent. Nke a na klas na-akwadebe site agwakọta mmanụ na West Siberia Volga, n'ihi na nke a na àgwà na-ata ahụhụ. Na afọ iri gara aga, na-agbali ewepu si Urals Tatarstan ihe. The price nke Urals mmanụ a kpụrụ na nnweta mgbanwe RTS.

Siberia Light emepụta Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area. The sọlfọ ọdịnaya nime ya fọrọ nke nta ka ugboro 3 na-erughị na Urals.

Arctic Oil na amịpụtara na shelf nke ndị Pechora Sea. Nke a bụ nke mbụ Russian mmanụ ubi, emi odude ke Arctic Ocean. The iche atụmatụ a ika nke Russian mmanụ bụ elu njupụta na elu sọlfọ ọdịnaya. Oil na amịpụtara na 60 km si ala gbara osimiri okirikiri mpaghara si a ofu n'elu ikpo okwu.

Sokol ji a ala ọdịnaya nke adịghị. Scout na Sakhalin Island. Export site na Harabov.

ESPO e ji ala njupụta na ala sọlfọ ọdịnaya na-emepụta na Eastern Siberia. Na-ebu site na ESPO pipeline.

Vityaz - Sakhalin mmanụ ika, yiri na àgwà na Omani crude. Exported na Trans pipeline.

Mmanụ na ụwa: ụwa nhazi ọkwa

The ụwa dum nhazi ọkwa nke "nwa gold" dabeere na abụọ ụdị - Sweet crude mmanụ na Light Sweet crude mmanụ.

Sweet crude mmanụ - akụrụngwa na sọlfọ ọdịnaya adịghị aka 0,5%, nakwa dị ka hydrogen sulfide na carbon dioxide. Ugbu a, a akara na-eji na mmepụta nke mmanụ ụgbọala.

Light Sweet crude mmanụ bụ ala na wax. Viscosity na njupụta nwere ike ịdị iche iche.

Dabere na e ji mara ndị a iche, na crude mmanụ ekwuo na-esonụ notation:

• ìhè (kasị elu njupụta);
• crude (ala wax ọdịnaya);
• arọ (ala njupụta);
• sweet (ala sọlfọ).

akwụkwọ dịgasị iche iche

Na ngụkọta e nwere 3 mmanụ brand na ụwa, nke a na-ewere dị ka akwụkwọ.

Brent (crude) - North Sea raw ajụ njupụta nwere 0,5% sọlfọ adịghị. Eji na mmepụta nke na-ajụ-sized stills, nakwa dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala. The price of Brent crude mmanụ - ndabere maka guzobe ahịa n'elu a atọ nke ndị ọzọ niile na iche na ụwa.

WTI na-mined na US steeti Texas. Nwere a njupụta elu karịa Brent, sọlfọ content - 0,25%.

Dubai crude - mmanụ si United Arab Emirates. Makwaara dị ka Fateh. Ọ nwere a ala njupụta. O nwere ruo 2% sọlfọ adịghị.

Iche esịne ke òtù OPEC mbupụ nkata

Òtù OPEC (Organization of Petroleum ebupụ N'ókèala) na ịgbakọ na-eri nke otu ụdị ma ọ bụ ọzọ na-eji index "nkata òtù OPEC». Ka ụbọchị, ndị òtù OPEC nkata agụnye 11 ụdị nke "nwa gold":

• Saharan ngwakọta (Algeria);
• Es Sider (Libya);
• Arab Light (Saudi Arabia);
• Basra Light (Iraq);
• Bonny Light (Nigeria);
• Iran Arọ (Iran);
• Kuwait Export (Kuwait);
• Murban (United Arab Emirates);
• Qatar Marine (Qatar);
• Girassol (Angola);
• Merey (Venezuela).

Mmanụ bụ idé nke kasị aku - ma na-emepe emepe na mepụtara. Oil ngagharị rụrụ ma na-adịdebeghị mmiri na na shelves nke oké osimiri. E nwere ihe karịrị 20 dị iche iche iche iche nke "nwa gold". Ke adianade do, onye ọ bụla iche iche nwere ya pụrụ iche chemical mejupụtara. Isi akwụkwọ aha na-emetụta ịnye ọnụahịa na a zuru ụwa ọnụ ọnụ ọgụgụ, ọ na-chere Brent, WTI na Dubai crude. Stampụ Russian mmanụ na-aga n'ihi na mbupụ: Urals, Siberian Ìhè, Arctic Oil, Sokol, ESPO, Vityaz. Futures contracts maka ọkọnọ nke ngwaọrụ bụ na ụwa nnweta ahịa. Ihu ọma, nke a bụ New York na London ngwaahịa mgbanwe. Na Russia ya na-arụ ọrụ RTS (Moscow).