Molekụla na bughi usoro methane

Molekụla, bughi na electronic usoro nke methane dabeere na nchepụta nke Ọdịdị nke organic ogige Butlerov. Tupu ede ihe ndị a formulas, anyị na-amalite na a nkenke akparamagwa nke hydrocarbon.

methane Atụmatụ

Nke a na umi bụ ihe mgbawa, ọ na-akpọ "mmiri na-adọ" gas. The kpọmkwem isi nke ịmachi hydrocarbons nile maara. The combustion usoro nke ọ na-ekpe chemical mmiri emerụ ahụ mmadụ. Na methane bụ na-ekerechi òkè guzobe nke griin haus mmetụta.

nkịtị Njirimara

The mbụ nnọchiteanya nke homologous usoro nke alkanes e chọpụtara site ọkà mmụta sayensị na ikuku nke Titan na Mars. O bu na methane e jikọtara ya na ịdị adị nke ndu eme ntule pụtara amụma nke ịdị adị nke ndụ na ndị a na mbara ala. On Saturn, Jupiter, Neptune, Uranus, methane ngwaahịa pụtara dị ka chemical nhazi nke bekee nke inorganic malite. N'elu mbara ụwa anyị nke ya ala ọdịnaya.

General e ji mara

Methane nwere dịghị agba, ọ bụ Mkpa ọkụ ka ikuku fọrọ nke nta ugboro abụọ, bụ agụghị oké soluble n'ime mmiri. The mejupụtara nke eke gas ego esịmde 98 percent. The mmanụ agafe gas nwere si 30 90 percent methane. Na ọzọ methane bụ nke ndu si malite.

Ungulates herbivores ewu na ehi emit nhazi na afọ nke bacteria kama ịrịba ego nke methane. Otu n'ime ihe ndị dị mkpa isi mmalite nke homologous usoro nke alkanes họrọ swamps, àkịkà, nzacha eke gas osisi photosynthesis. Na nchọpụta nke metụtara nke methane na mbara ala, anyị nwere ike ikwu banyere ịdị adị nke ya ndu ndụ.

Ụzọ maka nkwadebe

The zuru ezu bughi usoro nke methane na-egosi na ya molekul naanị jupụta otu agbụ kpụrụ ngwakọ n'ígwé ojii. Ọzọ embodiments laabu nkwadebe nke hydrocarbon dee alloying na siri ike sodium acetate na alkali, na mmekọrịta nke aluminum carbide na mmiri.

Solid methane bluish ire ọkụ, mgbe imesi iji nke 39 MJ kwa cubic mita. Mgbawa ngwakọta Nleta umi ikuku. The kasị dị ize ndụ methane, nke a tọhapụrụ n'oge ala Ngwuputa nke ịnweta ego n'ugwu mines. Elu n'ihe ize ndụ nke mgbawa nke methane na coal beneficiation na briquetting osisi, dị ka nke ọma dị ka sorting ọrụ.

n'ahụ mmetụta

Ọ bụrụ na pasent nke methane ikuku bụ 5 ruo 16 percent, na kọntaktị na oxygen nwere ike amụnyewo methane. Bụrụ na nke a dị ịrịba ama mmụba na ngwakọta nke chemical enwekwu ohere gbawaranụ.

Ọ bụrụ na ikuku ịta nke alkane bụ pasent 43, ọ bụ na-akpata na ekochi ekochi.

Na gbawara Mgbasa ọsọ nke si 500 na 700 mita kwa nke abụọ. Ozugbo methane na-kpọtụụrụ na a okpomọkụ iyi, alkane mgbanye usoro emee na ụfọdụ oge.

Ọ bụ na nke a onwunwe dabeere mmepụta nke gbawara-àmà ọkụ na ngwá na nchekwa nke na-agbawa agbawa mmiri.

Ebe ọ bụ na methane bụ ihe kasị thermally mụ jupụta hydrocarbon, ya n'ọtụtụ ebe eji dị ka ulo oru na anụ ụlọ mmanụ a na a na-eji dị ka a bara uru akụrụngwa n'ihi chemical njikọ. The bughi usoro nke ethyl-Tri-methane e ji mara bughi atụmatụ nke òtù a na klas nke hydrocarbons.

Na usoro nke chemical mmeghachi omume na chlorine site n'ebe ultraviolet radieshon nwere ike kpụrụ nke ọtụtụ mmeghachi omume ngwaahịa. Dabere na ego nke na-amalite ihe nwere ike ịbụ na nnọchi enweta chloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride.

Bụrụ na nke na-ezughị ezu combustion nke methane kpụrụ soot. Formaldehyde a kpụrụ na ikpe nke catalytic ọxịdashọn. The ikpeazụ mmeghachi omume ngwaahịa bụ carbon disulfide na sọlfọ ahụ.

Properties methane Ọdịdị

Gịnị bụ ya bughi usoro? Methane na-ezo aka jupụta hydrocarbons enwe general usoro C _n H _{2n + 2.} Tụlee otu molekul guzobere ịkọwa otú bughi usoro a kpụrụ.

Methane emi esịnede otu carbon atọm na anọ hydrogen atọm jikọtara covalent nkekọ dipole oge. Anyị na-akọwa na ihe owuwu dabeere na bughi formulas carbon atọm.

View hybridization

The gbasara ohere Ọdịdị nke methane ji tetrahedral Ọdịdị. Ebe ọ bụ na externally na carbon anọ valence electrons, elektrọn mgbanwe emee na kpo oku atọm na a abụọ s-orbitals na p. N'ihi ya, ndị ikpeazụ ike larịị na carbon odude anọ unpaired ( "free") nke elektrọn. Full bughi usoro nke methane dabeere na eziokwu ahụ bụ na e guzobere anọ ngwakọ ígwé ojii nke na-agba mbọ na ohere na n'akuku nke 109 degrees 28 nkeji, akpụ a tetrahedron Ọdịdị. Ọzọkwa, e nwere overlapping vertices ngwakọ n'ígwé ojii na-abụghị ngwakọ n'ígwé ojii hydrogen atọm.

Full bughi usoro na condensed methane n'ụzọ zuru ezu osobo Butlerova Ozizi. N'agbata carbon na hydrogen forms mfe (otu) nkekọ, ka chemical Jeremaya mere na-adịghị ahụkarị njikọ.

N'okpuru bụ kacha bughi usoro. Methane - bụ nke mbụ nnọchiteanya nke klas nke jupụta hydrocarbons, o nwere ahụkarị Njirimara amachi alkane. Structural usoro E na methane gosi ụdị hybridization nke carbon atọm na organic okwu.

Site akwụkwọ onwu N'ezie

Nke a na klas nke hydrocarbons, nnọchiteanya nke bụ a "apiti gas", na-amụ na N'ezie nke 10 na klas nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Ka ihe atụ, ụmụaka chọrọ ozi na-esonụ agwa: "Dee bughi formulas nke methane". Ọ ga-ghọtara na naanị a zuru ezu bughi nhazi a umi nwere ike na-ese na Butlerova Ozizi.

Ya nkpirikpi usoro ga-abụ otu molekụla, e dere n'ụdị CH4. N'okpuru ọhụrụ gọọmenti etiti mmụta ụkpụrụ na-amanye onwe ya ịgbaso na njikọ na reorganization nke Russian akwụkwọ bụ isi onwu N'ezie n'ihe niile metụtara àgwà nke klas nke organic bekee, ịghọta onyunyo.

ulo oru njikọ

Methane dabeere n'usoro mmepụta ihe dị otú ahụ dị mkpa chemical akụrụngwa e mepụtara ka acetylene. Ndabere nke thermal ma ọ bụ electric cracking bụ kpọmkwem ya bughi usoro. Methane na catalytic ọxịdashọn nke amonia etolite hydrocyanic acid.

Tee a organic ihe maka mmepụta nke njikọ gas. Site na mmeghachi omume na uzuoku, a ngwakọta nke carbon monoxide na hydrogen, nke bụ ngwaọrụ n'ihi na mmepụta ịgba nke monohydric alcohols, carbonyl ogige.

Of otu dị mkpa bụ mmeghachi omume na nitric acid, dapụtara na nitromethane.

The iji dị ka moto mmanụ

N'ihi enweghị eke na isi mmalite nke hydrocarbons, nakwa dị ka impoverishment nke akụ isi, karịsịa mkpa nke metụtara search maka ọhụrụ (ọzọ) isi mmalite mmanụ ụgbọala. One dị otú ahụ na nhọrọ bụ biodiesel, nke gụnyere e na methane.

Nyere ihe dị iche na njupụta n'etiti mmanụ ụgbọala mmanụ ụgbọala na mbụ so na klas nke alkanes, e nwere ndị ụfọdụ e ji mara ya ngwa dị ka a ike isi iyi maka ụgbọala engines. Iji zere ndị mkpa na-ebu a oké ego nke methane, site mkpakọ ntọt ya njupụta (n'okpuru a mgbali nke banyere 250 atmospheres). Methane echekwara na gasị ala na cylinders arụnyere na ụgbọala.

Ikpughe na ikuku

Anyị na-ama tụlere eziokwu na methane nwere mmetụta na griin haus mmetụta. Ọ bụrụ na ogo nke ihe nke carbon monoxide (4) na ihu igwe conventionally iwere dị ka ịdị n'otu, mgbe ahụ, ọ nta 'ala opitoropi gas' bụ 23 nkeji. Kemgbe narị afọ abụọ, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọpụtara na-abawanye na ndị quantitative ọdịnaya nke methane na Ụwa ikuku.

Ugbu a, kpọmkwem ego nke _CH4-eme atụmatụ na 1.8 akụkụ kwa nde. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ bụ 200 ugboro erughị ọnụnọ nke carbon dioxide, e nwere a mkparịta ụka n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị banyere omume ize ndụ nke trapping okpomọkụ enwupụta uwa.

N'ihi ihe ndị magburu onwe calorific 'ala opitoropi gas' ọ na-eji ọ bụghị nanị dị a feedstock n'ịrụzu chemical njikọ, kamakwa dị ka onye ike isi iyi.

Ka ihe atụ, methane rụọ ọrụ a dịgasị iche iche nke gas-chụọ n'ọrụ boilers, na ogidi, mere maka onye kpo oku usoro n'ebe obibi na mba cottages.

Ndị dị otú ahụ onwe-kpo oku nhọrọ bụ nnọọ uru maka homeowners, metụtara ihe mberede, n'usoro itịbede ke centralized kpo oku usoro. N'ihi gas ji esi mmiri ọkụ na-arụ ọrụ na a nyere ụdị mmanụ ụgbọala, ọ bụ ezuru 15-20 nkeji iji n'ụzọ zuru ezu ikpo abụọ-storey ụlọ.

ọgwụgwụ

Methane, bughi na molekụla formulas nke e nyere n'elu, a eke iyi nke ike. N'ihi na eziokwu na ọ na-agụnye naanị carbon na hydrogen atọm, gburugburu ebe obibi na-aghọta na gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa nke jupụta hydrocarbon.

N'okpuru ọkọlọtọ ọnọdụ (ikuku okpomọkụ nke 20 degrees Celsius na a mgbali nke 101325 Pa) umi bụ gaseous, na-abụghị na-egbu egbu, mmiri unyi anaghị agbasa.

Ọ bụrụ na ikuku okpomọkụ na-lowered ka -161 degrees, ọ bụ abịakọrọ methane na na ọtụtụ-eji ụlọ ọrụ.

Methane nwere mmetụta na ụmụ mmadụ ike. Ọ bụghị a na-egbu egbu umi, ma ọ bụ a suffocating gas. E nwere ọbụna ókè (Mac) na ọdịnaya nke chemical bekee na ikuku.

Ka ihe atụ, na-arụ ọrụ na-egwupụta na-ekwe naanị na ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ebe ego adịghị gafere na kwa cubic mita 300 milligrams. Inyocha ihe atụmatụ nke a Ọdịdị nke ahụ organic okwu na o kwere omume na ya ikwubi na myirịta na chemical na n'ụzọ anụ ahụ Njirimara na akụkụ ndị ọzọ dum nke klas nke jupụta (ịgba) hydrocarbons.

Anyị nyochaa bughi usoro, ndị gbasara ohere Ọdịdị nke methane. Homologous usoro nke malitere "mmiri na-adọ gas" nwere izugbe molekụla usoro C _n H _{2n + 2.}