Mọnk Shvarts Bertold - na nchepụta nke gunpowder

Ọ dị mwute, ma ọtụtụ mepụtara na nchoputa na ike propel mmadu kwupụta ọganihu, okụt ngwa isi ndị agha okirikiri, e nwere nanị mbibi nke ndị mmadụ, ọ bụghị ka ndụ ka ha mma. Nsogbu ndị a na gunpowder. Mgbe e mepụtara ya na o were ihe fọrọ nke nta ka narị afọ isii tupu ndị mmadụ ghọtara na na ike na gbawara, bụ ike ijere udo na nzube.

Chinese, ndị Arab na ndị Grik ihe?

Otu n'ime ihe ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị adịghị akwụsị esemokwu banyere onye bụ ezi nchepụta nke gunpowder. Echiche na-ekewa. Dị ka otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị version, na nsọpụrụ bụ Chinese, bụ ndị tupu oge jisiri ike a ukwuu mepụtara mmepeanya na nwere ọtụtụ ihe pụrụ iche nghọta.

Na-akwado nke ọzọ si ele ihe anya kwere na gunpowder akpa ẹkenam na ngwá nke Arab, ugbua na n'oge ochie mkpofu a ọkaibe technology dabeere na elu maka na oge mepụtara. Ke adianade do, akụkọ ihe mere eme ncheta ugboro ugboro banyere nke a na-akpọ Greek ọkụ , na-eji bibie onye iro ụgbọ mmiri. N'ihi ya, na arụmụka banyere onye mepụtakwara gunpowder, na e zoro aka na Gris oge ochie.

-arụ eziokwu ụka

Otú ọ dị, a oké njọ esemokwu na-ewepụta n'ime ajụjụ atọ nile nke n'elu amụma, bụ mgbagwoju anya nke chemical mejupụtara nke ntụ ntụ. Ọbụna ndị kasị mkpa version, ọ ga-agụnye sọlfọ, unyi na saltpeter, ejikọrọ na nditịm kọwaa n'ike-n'ike. Ọ bụrụ na mbụ na nke abụọ mmiri ka na-hụrụ na ọdịdị, na nitrate na adabara na mmepụta nke explosives, nwere ike na-enwetara site na a laabu.

Mmiri ọgwụ Witch nke Franciscan Order

The mbụ nchepụta nke gunpowder, onye ọrụ e akwukwo, bụ a German mọnk Bertold Shvarts, onye bi na XIV narị afọ ma bụ na ndị Franciscan iji. Banyere ndụ nke nwoke a nọgidere nnọọ ntakịrị ọmụma. Ọ mara ezigbo aha ya - Constantine Anklittsen, ma ụbọchị ọmụmụ bụ nnọọ na-edochaghị anya - ọgwụgwụ nke Iri na Atọ na narị afọ.

Ndụ ya ahuhu bụ onwu, ma n'ihi na oge ahụghị ihe dị iche n'etiti a ọkà mmụta sayensị na a dibịa afa, mgbe ahụ, a ọrụ wetaara ya ọtụtụ nsogbu, na ozugbo ọbụna dugara nga, ebe ọ na-ebo ebubo nke amoosu.

Ohu Chineke, mụtara igbu

Site n'ụzọ, na-achọ ịmata ihe mere eme nke aha, nke na-eyi Shvarts Bertold. Ọ bụrụ na nke abụọ ya akụrụngwa akụkụ nke e nyere na tonsure, mbụ ịbụ aha otutu na kpọfere German dị ka adjective "nwa", o natara naanị n'ihi na ha na-enyo enyo si ele ihe anya nke ndị ọzọ, ọrụ.

Ọ maara na mgbe n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ọ bụ ike nọgide na-amụ, na ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ mere ya oké mepụtara, nke kwere ka ndị mmadụ na-egbu onye ọ bụla ọzọ ngwa ngwa na nnukwu quantities. Olee otú ndị a mọnk dere bụ agbanwe agbanwe na ụkpụrụ nke Christian ọrụ ebere na mmadu - isiokwu nke kpamkpam dị iche iche mkparịta ụka.

Ebua ke anana-oghere nke

About ọnọdụ ndị ahụ ebe Shvarts Bertold mbụ nwetara mgbawa, anyị na-amaghị nke ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndekọ, na akụkọ mgbe na-abịa si n'oge ochie. N'ịbụ na Nuremberg mkpọrọ (ọzọ version - na Cologne), ọ, dị ka anyị kwuru, e aku chemical nwere na ozugbo weere na a ngwa agha na nnọọ sọlfọ, unyi na saltpetre.

Ọ bụ oge ehihie, na n'ime-ulo, ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ, ọ gbaa ọchịchịrị. Iji oriọna, onye mkpọrọ were iku ọkụ - ọkụ na o nwebeghị adị, ihe ji mmadụ na mberede rutere ozugbo na ngwa agha, ọkara ekedịbe site a nkume. Na mberede, a oké pop na a nkume e ẹsịn n'ụsọ. Ọ dabara nke ọma, na-experimenter onwe ya e merụrụ ahụ.

Ngwa agha, ghọọ a egbe

Mgbe mbụ egwu (ya bụ ezi eke dị otú ahụ ikpe) mechaa, na anwụrụ ọkụ sụrụ, Shvarts Bertold refilled na a ngwakọta nke ngwa agha, na-agba ochie otosịrị iru nke mmiri. Na ọzọ sochiri ihe mgbawa. Ya mere, e gunpowder. Nke a mere na 1330, na ya nke oge nke-eji égbè agbagbu, na mbụ na-amaghị ama, ọ bụghị nanị na Europe ma n'ụwa. Site n'ụzọ, na mmepe nke mbụ ya samples mụọ bụ ka otu apụghị ịbịanyụ abịanyụ Shvarts Bertold.

Ònye a chụrụ mgbe bombings mkpọrọ na Mmụọ nsọ site ịga nke ọma, o kwuru ozugbo na oyom ya infernal ngwakọta nke bara uru ngwa. Creative echiche gwara ya na ọ bụrụ na ngwa agha na-eme ka a nnukwu size, ju ya na a ngwakọta nke nkume ma bulie a ezigbo, nwere ike ime ka a ọtụtụ nsogbu ka onye iro, mbịne dum Ọdịdị na mbụ na ya direction.

Na mmalite nke oge nke-eji égbè agbagbu

Ndị mbụ ngwaọrụ n'ezie yiri kagburu n'akụkụ ngwa agha. Ọbụna ha na-bịara mara dị ka ogbunigwe (si Latin mortarium - «ngwa agha"). N'ime oge ahụ, ha imewe e akp ma nara ihe ndekọ nke maara anyị si na nwata oge ochie cannons na nkume na-anọchi ígwè nuclei.

Ngwá agha ọ mgbe niile na-ebute ụzọ nke na-enwe ọganihu. N'oge na-adịghị arọ na buru nnukwute ibu ngwaọrụ nwere eduzi ya mmepe na echiche nke na-eke a ìhè, elongated ị ga na mkpa mgbidi na ike jide ha aka a ụkwụ agha. Ya mere, na ngwá nke European agha ndị muskets na arquebuses, nke ghọrọ prototype nke oge a na usoro nke obere ogwe aka.

Akwụkwọ na-egosi banyere onye mepụtakwara gunpowder

Ọ bụrụ na ndị kpọmkwem ọnọdụ Berthold Schwarz chọpụtara nke gunpowder e mere, nwere ike aka mgba, ọ na-aga ya chepụtara na-enweghị mgbagha. Nke a bụ eziokwu na e nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na-egosi. Otu n'ime ha bụ ihe ndekọ, dị na-edebe ihe ochie nke obodo nke Ghent na mere na 1343. Ọ na-ekwu na n'okpuru mgbidi obodo na a na-enwe nsogbu na onye iro na-eji egbe, nke mepụtakwara a mọnk Shvarts Bertold.

Aha-nchepụta nke mọnk na-kwuru na iwu nke French King John II na Good, bipụtara na May 1354. Na ya na eze nyere iwu na njikọ na mepụtara nke German mọnk Bertolda Schvartsa, iwu machibidoro mbupụ nke ọla kọpa si alaeze ahụ na-eji ya nanị maka nēfe egbe.

Life na-anọgide a omimi

Ọ mara ma ka na-na-a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ochie na-egosi na nchepụta nke gunpowder bụ kpọmkwem Bertold Shvarts. The biography nke onye a dị ka a dum kama aghọta, ma nke bụ eziokwu nke chọpụtara mere ya bụ-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha. Ụbọchị nke ọnwụ onye na a ìhè aka n'ọgbọ agha wee n'ihu ọha cannonade, dị ka a maara nke ọma, nakwa dị ka ọnọdụ ọ hapụrụ ndụ.

Anyị amaghị ma ọ bụ a eke ọnwụ, ma ọ bụ ịnọgide na-nnwale, ihe ịmata ọkà mmụta ụfọdụ ebe, ọ bụghị gbakọọ ego na nri na-elewe ya dị ka Minesweeper, naanị mgbe ọ na e nyere. Ebe ọ bụ na ihe niile nwoke a ndụ ekpuchiwo omimi, ma ọ bụ a chọpụtara mere mpako n'ihi mba, ọtụtụ obodo na Germany na-ekwu na nri-ya omumu. Nke a Cologne na Dortmund na Freiburg, ebe obodo square ncheta Berthold Schwarz.