Osip Mandelstam biography na photos

Otu n'ime ndị kasị mwute ekpebi ọdịnihu a kwadebere maka Soviet ọchịchị dị otú ahụ a oké ede uri ka Mandelstam. Ya biography azụlitewo ukwuu n'ihi na nke irreconcilable ọdịdị nke Osipa Emilevicha. Ọ ike iguzo eziokwu na achọghị ịkpọ isiala nye ihe ike. Ya mere, dị iche iche n'ụbọchị ndị ahụ nakwa na ọ pụghị ịbụ mere ya, na ọ maara na Mandelstam. Ya biography, nakwa dị ka ọrụ nke oké na-ede uri, na-akụziri anyị ọtụtụ ihe ...

Budushee ede uri a mụrụ na Warsaw na January 3, 1891 Nwata na-eto eto nọrọ na St. Petersburg Osip Mandelstam. Autobiography, dị mwute ikwu, e dere ya. Ma ya na-echeta ndị na ndabere nke akwụkwọ bụ "The Noise nke Time." Ọ nwere ike na-atụle n'ụzọ autobiographical. Rịba ama na Mandelstam na-echeta na nwata na-eto eto na-aka gbochiri - o ẹse ka igosipụta onwe ha, ọ dịghị amasị-aza ajụjụ na ya abụọ uri na ndụ ya. Osip e n'oge matured na-ede uri, ma ọ bụ kama, natara ya n'anya. Rigor na akpọrọ iche ya nkà n'ụzọ.

Anyị kwenyere na ọ dị mkpa iji atụle n'ụzọ zuru ezu ndụ na-arụ ọrụ nke na-ede uri, dị ka Mandelstam. Brief biography na-akwanyere onye ahụ na o siri ike kwesịrị ekwesị. Osipa Emilevicha àgwà bụ akpali nnọọ mmasị, na-arụ ọrụ kwesịrị kasị nlezianya na-amụ. Ka oge na-gosiri, otu nke kasị ukwuu Russian na-ede uri nke narị afọ nke 20 bụ Mandelstam. Brief biography, adade ke akwụkwọ ọgụgụ, bụ n'ụzọ doro anya ezughi oke maka a miri emi nghọta nke ndụ ya na-arụ ọrụ.

Mmalite nke na-ede uri

Kama nke ahụ, ọchịchịrị ụda gwara ihe ndị na obere na pụrụ ịchọta Mandelstam si memoirs banyere ya na nwata na gburugburu ikuku. Dị ka na-ede uri, ya na ezinụlọ ya bụ "ike na mgbagwoju anya". Na okwu, okwu na-egosipụta na otu ike. Ya mere, ọ dịkarịa ala, o chere Mandelstam. Ọ bụ a ụdị okwu "mmewere" nke ezinụlọ. Ọ ga-kwuru na ndị Juu na-agba ọsọ Mandelstam agadi. Kemgbe 8th narị afọ, ebe ọ bụ na ụbọchị nke ndị Juu ihe ọmụma, o nyere ụwa a ma ama dibịa, physics, rabaị, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akwụkwọ e ji amụ na-asụgharị Baịbụl.

Mandelstam Aemilius Veniaminovich nna Osip, bụ a-azụ ahịa na onwe-kụziiri. Ọ bụ kpam kpam nke na-enweghị echiche nke asụsụ. Mandelstam, n'akwụkwọ ya "The Noise nke Time" kwuru na ọ nnọọ enweghị asụsụ, ọ bụ naanị a "bezyazychie" na "ire-tie". Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ bụ Osipovna Flora, nne nke ndị na-ede uri na music nkụzi. Mandelstam kwuru na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ọ bụ "abịakọrọ" na "ogbenye", amama agbụ agbụ, kama ọ bụ a dara ụda ma doo anya na, "oké Russian asụsụ." Ọ bụ site n'aka nne ya ketara Osip, na musicality na a pụrụ ịrịa ọrịa obi, ọrịa izi ezi nke okwu, a na-agụsi echiche nke n'asụsụ ha.

Education na Tenishev azụmahịa akwụkwọ

Mandelstam na oge site na 1900 ka 1907 na ọ na-amụ na Tenishev azụmahịa ụlọ akwụkwọ. Ọ na-atụle onye nke kasị mma onwe agụmakwụkwọ njikọ nke mba anyị. N'otu oge ọ mụtara Zhirmunsky, Vladimir Nabokov. The ikuku nke jupụtara ebe a bụ ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi-ata onwe ya ahụhụ. Na akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ a na-emezu nke ideals nke Civic oru na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nnwere onwe. Na 1905-1907 afọ nke mbụ Russian mgbanwe nwere ike ọ gaghị enyere ma-ada n'ime ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị radicalism na Mandelstam. Biography nke ya mgbe niile njikọ chiri anya ihe ndị mere na oge. The ọdachi nke agha na Japan na revolutionary oge ya buo ike mbụ stihovtornyh nwere, nke nwere ike na-ahuta ka Student. Mandelstam weere na-eme ka obi ụtọ eluigwe na ala metamorphosis, uwak mmewere.

Njem mba ọzọ

School ubre ọ natara May 15, 1907 Mgbe na-ede uri na-agbalị na-amalite na-alụ ọgụ nzukọ SRs na Finland, ma na nwata na-anabata n'ebe ahụ. Ndị nne na nna na-enwe nchegbu banyere ọdịnihu nke nwa-ya, ngwa ngwa ịhapụ ya n'aka mmehie na-amụ ná mba ọzọ, ebe Mandelstam gara ugboro atọ. The oge mbụ na o biri na Paris si October 1907 ka okpomọkụ nke 1908. Mgbe ahụ, ọdịnihu na-ede uri gara Germany, ebe University of Heidelberg mụọ Romance Philology (site n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1909 na opupu ihe ubi nke 1910). On July 21, 1910 ka ufọt ufọt October, o biri Zehlendorf, Berlin esịt. Up ruo mgbe na-adịbeghị anya na-arụ ọrụ Mandelstam na poems uda na nkuzi mgbamejije nke ya maara Western Europe.

Nzukọ Anna Akhmatova na Gumilev, kere eke acmeism

Nzukọ iwe iwe Ahmatovoy na Nikolai Gumilev kọwaa ntoputa ka a na-ede uri Osipa Emilevicha. Gumilyov na 1911, nke Abyssinian njem laghachiri St. Petersburg. N'oge na-adịghị na ha ghọrọ atọ mgbe hụrụ na edemede mgbede. Ọtụtụ afọ mgbe ọdachi - égbè nke ENU na 1921 - Osip dere Akhmatova, Nikolayu Gumilevu na na jisiri ịghọta ya uri, nakwa na ọ ka na-na-akọ ya, bụ kwuo. Banyere otú Mandelstam, Akhmatova mesoo, ka ọ pụtara ìhè site ya okwu: "M - a dịkọrọ ndụ Akhmatova." Naanị Osip Mandelstam (a foto nke ya na iwe iwe Andreevnoy ọkọnọ n'elu) nwere ike ekwupụta n'ihu ọha na nke a n'oge Stalin ọchịchị, mgbe Akhmatova bụ ihere na-ede uri.

All atọ (Mandelstam, Akhmatova na Gumilev) acmeism ghọrọ founders na a kasị mara nnọchiteanya nke ọnọdụ ọhụrụ a na akwụkwọ. Biographers kwuru na n'etiti mmalite nke esemokwu bilitere n'ihi na Mandelstam bụ irascible, despotic Gumilyov na Akhmatova ejighị.

Nkebi nke mbụ nke poems

Na 1913 o kere ya mbụ collection of poems site Mandelstam. Biography na ịrụ ọrụ ọ ama e akara ọtụtụ dị mkpa merenụ na ahụmahụ ná ndụ na ọ bụ na ihe karịrị ezuru. The na-ede uri agbala a collection nke ya onwe ya ga-efu. Akpa, ọ chọrọ ka a kpọọ ya n'akwụkwọ "Shell", ma mgbe ahụ họọrọ aha ọzọ - "Nkume", nke bụ nnọọ ihe na mmụọ nke na acmeism. Òtù ya ga-achọ ịchọpụta ụwa ọzọ, na-enye dum a obi ike na anya aha nke na-efunahụ na elegiac ijuputa n'igirigi ákwà, dị ka Symbolists. Rock - siri ike na inogide eke ihe onwunwe, ebighi-aka nke a ukwu. Na Osipa Emilevicha ọ bụ onye bụ isi ụlọ nkanka nke ime mmụọ omenala, ọ bụghị naanị ihe.

Osip Mandelstam na 1911 ghọrọ a Christian, mere a "mgbanwe na European omenala." Ọ bụ ezie na e mere ya baptizim na Methodist Church (na Vyborg May 14), mbụ amaokwu nke ya collection were ịnụ ọkụ n'obi na nke Catholic isiokwu. Mandelstam weghaara na Roman Katọlik pathos uwa Ịhazi echiche. N'okpuru ịchịisi nke Rome, ịdị n'otu nke Christian ụwa nke West na-abịa site okwukwe nke ndị dị iche iche, ụfọdụ. Otu "oké nkume" nke katidral mee nke nkume, ha "ogo ọjọọ" na "eke labyrinth."

Omume n'ebe mgbanwe

Na oge site na 1911 ka 1917 na University of St. Petersburg, na Romano-Germany alaka ụlọ ọrụ, Mandelstam mụtara. Ya biography n'oge a ji ọdịdị nke mbụ collection. Siri ọ bụ na ọ metụtara ntiwapụ nke mgbanwe ke 1917. Asịrị na odida biri ọ bụla mgbalị Osipa Emilevicha chọta a ebe ke ọhụrụ Russia.

collection Tristia

Amaokwu oge nke mgbanwe na-agha Mandelstam mejupụtara a ọhụrụ collection Tristia. Nke a "Book nke iru újú" e bipụtara maka oge mbụ na 1922 na-enweghị òkè nke na-ede akwụkwọ, na mgbe ahụ, na 1923, n'okpuru isiokwu bụ "nke abụọ n'akwụkwọ," reprinted ke Moscow. Ọ cements isiokwu nke oge, eruba nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, nke na-eduzi na ya onwu. Ruo ụbọchị ikpeazụ nke isiokwu a ga-a cross-ihe-ubi na-ede uri. Nke a collection akara a ọhụrụ àgwà Mandelstam in-a me dike. N'ihi ya, ọ dịghịzi a, na-abụghị-na-ekere òkè general eruba n'ime oge. In-a me olu ike nụrụ nanị dị ka ihe nkuzi mgbamejije nke mbigbọ nke oge. Gịnị na-eme na nnukwu ihe mere eme, aghọta ya dị ka a kwatuo na-ewu nke "temple" nke onwe.

Collection of Tristia na gosipụtara a ịrịba mgbanwe ke style nke na-ede uri. Ekara udidi na-akpụ akpụ ihe n'ebe ezoro ezo, "ọchịchịrị" uru, ọmụmụ gbasara asụsụ mgbanwe enweghị isi na ọdụ asụsụ ọnụ ụtarị.

Wanderings na Russia

Osip Mandelstam ná mmalite 1920s. M okoyo ukwuu n'ime ke akụkụ ebe ndịda nke Russia. Ọ gara na Kyiv, ebe o zutere ya ga-eme n'ọdịnihu na nwunye, N. Ya. Hazinoy (nọchiri n'elu), m nọrọ oge ụfọdụ na Voloshin na Koktebel, mgbe ahụ gara Feodosia, ebe Wrangel counterintelligence jidere ya na enyo nke onye sabo. Mgbe ahụ, mgbe a tọhapụsịrị ya, o wee na-Batumi Osip Mandelstam. Ya biography e akara a ọhụrụ njide - ugbu a na akụkụ nke na Coast Nche nke Mensheviks. Osipa Emilevicha napụtara n'aka mkpọrọ T. Tabidze na N. Mitsishvili Georgian na-ede uri. Na njedebe, nnọọ emaciated, ọ laghachiri Petrograd Osip Mandelstam. Ya biography na-aga n'ihu ihe ọ biri a oge na House of Arts, na mgbe ahụ wee laghachi n'ebe ndịda, wee biri na Moscow.

Otú ọ dị, site na ufọt ufọt 1920, mba Chọpụta nke mbụ itule nke na-enwe olileanya na nchegbu na nghọta ihe na-eme. N'ihi ya bụ gbanwere agbanwe poetics nke Mandelstam. "Ọchịchịrị" bụ ugbu a esiwanye doro anya kari ya. Na 1925, e nwere obere ịkụ nke creativity nke e jikọtara ya na a ahuhu Olgoy Vaksel. Mgbe ahụ, na-ede uri dara nkịtị ruo ọtụtụ afọ 5 afọ.

Mandelstam maka 2nd ọkara nke 1920s - a oge nke nsogbu. N'oge ahụ, ndị na-ede uri bụ nkịtị, na-ebipụta ọhụrụ poems. Ma otu na-arụ ọrụ Mandelstam adịghị n'ime 5 afọ.

Ịrịọ prose

Na 1929, Mandelstam kpebiri atụgharị prose. O dere, sị a akwụkwọ "The Fourth Prose". Site olu, ọ bụ obere, ma, ọ bụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu splashed Mandelstam nlelị ndị dere opportunists, bụ ndị so n'òtù Massolit. N'ihi na a ogologo oge na-ede uri mkpụrụ obi kopilas a mgbu. The "Fourth Prose" etinye uma nke Mandelstam - ise okwu, na-agbawa agbawa, n'echeghị echiche. Dị mfe Osip eme ka ndi-iro-ya, ọ dịghị zobe ikpe ya na atụmatụ. Site na nke a Mandelstam mgbe niile, ọ fọrọ nke nta niile post-revolutionary afọ, a manyere ya ibi na oké ọnọdụ. ọ bụ na 1930 na atụmanya nke emeriri ọnwụ. Mandelstam admirers nke talent ndị enyi ya bụ nke ukwuu, ma ha ka na-e.

ndụ

Si ele ndụ na ọtụtụ ụzọ na-ekpughe ihe oyiyi nke a nwoke dị otú ahụ dị ka Osip Mandelstam. Biography, na-akpali eziokwu banyere ya, a na-ede uri jikọtara ya pụrụ iche mmekọrita ya. Osip e ruru eru ka a okodu ndụ, ndụ. N'ihi ya, echiche nke e wusiri ike ụlọ, nke dị nnọọ mkpa, n'ihi na ihe atụ, Bulgakov dịghị ihe o mere. Ụwa dum dị n'ụlọ ya, ma, n'otu oge ahụ Mandelstam bụ enweghị ebe obibi na ụwa a.

Icheta Osip mmalite nke 1920, mgbe ọ rịara a ụlọ na House of Arts na Petrograd (nakwa dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ so dee na-ede abụ uri), Eze Chukovsky kwuru na ọ dịghị ihe nke ahụ ga-nwe Mandelstam, ma e wezụga sịga. Mgbe na-ede uri akpatre na ulo (na 1933), B. Pasternak, bụ onye na a nleta ọ sịrị na-ahapụ, ọ bụ omume ugbu a dee uri - ụlọ n'ebe ahụ. Osip si a oké iwe. O. E. Mandelshtam, onye biography e ji ọtụtụ ji nke intransigence, bụrụ ọnụ ya ulo na ọbụna nyere iji nweta ya azụ ndị ọ na-presumably bu n'obi: portrayer, n'eziokwu sabo. Ọ bụ egwu nke maara ugwo a chọrọ ya.

Na-arụ ọrụ "Moskovsky Komsomolets"

Ever eche ihe wee na ụzọ ndụ nke na-ede uri, dị ka Mandelstam? Biography ụbọchị were were bịakwutere 1930s ná ndụ ya na-arụ ọrụ. Bukharin, chi nke Osipa Emilevicha na ọchịchị okirikiri, mere ndokwa ya na uzo nke 1920-30-ies na akwụkwọ akụkọ "Moskovsky Komsomolets" agbazi. Nke a nyere na-ede uri na nwunye ya dịkarịa ala kacha nta n'aka subsistence. Ma Mandelstam jụrụ ịnakwere "iwu nke egwuregwu" nke Soviet dere bụ ndị jere ozi mode. Oké impulsiveness na emotionality ukwuu mgbagwoju anya mmekọahụ Mandelstam na ndị ọgbọ. Ọ bụ na etiti nke asịrị - na-ede uri ebubo nke plagiarism na translation. Iji chebe Osipa Emilevicha si esi nke na-asịrị na 1930, Bukharin haziri na-ede uri nke nleta Armenia, nke na-emepụta a oké echiche na ya, ma na-egosi na ọrụ ya. The ọhụrụ Vasi n'ụzọ doro anya nụrụ na ndị ikpeazụ olileanya na-adịghị na-atụ egwu nwoke obi nkoropụ. Ọ bụrụ na Mandelstam na prose gbalịrị gbapụ abịanụ oké ifufe ya, ma ugbu a, o mesịrị were òkè.

Mmata ọdachi nke ya akara

Mmata nke ọdachi nke onwe ya aka, ya nhọrọ yiri ka nwere ike Mandelstam nyere a ebube, mwute pathos ọhụrụ ya ọrụ. Ọ idu ke see nke free àgwà nke na-ede uri, "narị afọ-anụ ọhịa." Mandelstam na-ele anuri aja, a obere nwoke n'ihu ya. Ọ na-eche aha ka ya. Na uri 1931 "N'ihi thundering bu dìnkpà nke afọ na-abịanụ", nke a na-akpọ n'ezinụlọ "Wolf", Mandelstam na e buru amụma na-abịa Siberia, na ọnwụ nke ya, na uri anwụghị anwụ. Ọtụtụ ndị na-ede uri ghọtara na mbụ karịa ndị ọzọ.

Nzukọ uri banyere Stalin

Mandelstam Nadezhda Yakovlevna, nwaanyị di ya nwụrụ nke Osipa Emilevicha, nke fọdụrụ na ya na di ya akwụkwọ abụọ nke memoirs, nke na-agwa nke àjà heroism nke a na-ede uri. Ezi Obi Mandelstam mgbe n'ókè na igbu onwe. Ihe atụ, na November 1933, o dere banyere Stalin sharply satirical uri, nke sịrị a ọtụtụ n'ime ndị enyi m, gụnyere Boris Pasternak. Boris Leonidovich kwusiri site akara aka nke na-ede uri na kwuru na ya uri - bụghị a edemede eziokwu, ọ bụghị na ndị ọzọ, dị ka "ihe na-egosi onwe ya," ka mma na o nwere ike ọ bụghị. Pasternak gwara ya ka ọ ghara ịgụ n'ọrụ a. Otú ọ dị, ọ na-apụghị ịgbachi nkịtị Mandelstam. Biography, na-akpali eziokwu nke ayi, o kwuru, si oge a na-aghọ a n'ezie mwute.

Ikpe Mandelstam, ihe ijuanya, e nyefere ndị adụ ezuru. N'oge ahụ e gburu mmadụ na a nnọọ obere ịrịba "mmejọ". Stalin si mkpebi na-agụ naanị: "anọrọ ma chebe". Mandelstam e zitere n'agha ke edere edere obodo Cherdyn. Ebe a Osip, ata ahụhụ site na-emetụ ya n'isi, chọrọ ọbụna igbu onwe ya. Enyi ọzọ aka. Ugbua adịkwa mmetụta Bukharin ikpeazụ degaara onye otu Stalin, na-ede abụ uri na-ezi ezi mgbe nile, na akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ na ha n'akụkụ. Mgbe ahụ Osipa Emilevicha e bufere Voronezh, na obere oké ọnọdụ.

N'ezie, ya akara e anọkwasị. Otú ọ dị, na 1933, idiọk ahụhụ ọ pụtara ịkpọsa a uri banyere Stalin na otú o yiri ka dozie onye scores na-ede uri. Na ọ ga-eru nke Stalin, "nna nke mba". Stalin maara otú e si echere ihe. Ọ maara na oge niile. Na nke a, ọ nọ na-atụ Great ụjọ nke 1937, nke Mandelstam a kara, tinyere ọtụtụ narị puku ndị ọzọ ndị mmadụ untraceable akwụsị.

Afọ nke ndụ Voronezh

Voronezh ya ndò Osipa Emilevicha, ma ya ndò ya na-ebuso iro. Otú ọ dị, na-akwụsị na-alụ ọgụ na olileanya, iji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-abịa ya, Osip Emilevich Mandelshtam. Ya biography ndị a afọ akara ọtụtụ ihe isi ike. O nwere ọlị subsistence, izute na ya wepuga onwe-ya, bụ anya ya akara. Mandelstam ya niile ga-adị ka ọ na-abịakwasị elu na "ebighi-anụ ọhịa." A nleta ya n'ala ọzọ Akhmatova gbara akaebe na n'ime ụlọ ya, alternately "na ọrụ nke ihe echiche." Ndi unstoppable amaokwu ha choro tọhapụ. Memoirs na-egosi na Mandelstam ozugbo efehe a na-akwụ ekwentị na-agụ investigator, nke ahụ na-mmasị, ha ọhụrụ ọrụ. O kwuru na e nweghị onye na-agụ ihe. Iferi akwara ndị a na-ede uri, na uri, ọ splashed ya mgbu.

Voronezh si 1935 na 1937, atọ "Voronezh Akwụkwọ ịde" e kere. N'ihi na a ogologo oge nke a okirikiri ọrụ na e bipụtara. Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ha nwere ike ghara a na-akpọ, ma na-aghọta ka a ịma aka ọbụna "na-anọpụ iche" poems na dị ka ha uri, unstoppable na-achịkwaghị. Na n'ihi na ike bụ ọ na-erughị ize ndụ, n'ihi na ọ bụ, dị ka J. Brodsky, "emee ka anya doo dum ụzọ ndụ" ma ọ bụghị nanị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị usoro.

Laghachi isi obodo

Mmetụta nso ọnwụ imbued na ọtụtụ poems nke oge a, dị ka dum ọrụ nke Mandelstam 1930s. Okwu Voronezh njikọ emebiela na May 1937 ọzọ afọ Osip nọrọ na gburugburu Moscow. Ọ chọrọ ikike ịnọ na isi obodo. Otú ọ dị, magazin editọ flatly jụrụ bụghị nanị na-ebipụta ya uri, kamakwa iji gwa ya okwu. Na-ede uri arịrịọ. E nyeere a n'oge a, ndị enyi na enyi: Boris Pasternak, Shklovsky, V. Kataev, Ilya Ehrenburg, bụ ezie na ha nwere ike oge ya onwe ya. Anna Akhmatova dere mgbe e mesịrị banyere afọ 1938, ọ bụ "apocalyptic" oge.

Njide, biri n'ala ọzọ na ọnwụ

Ọ na-anọgide nnọọ a bit na-ekwu banyere ndị dị otú ahụ na-ede uri dị ka Osip Mandelstam. Brief biography nke ya akara a ọhụrụ na njide, nke weere ọnọdụ May 2, 1938. Enye ama ikpe afọ ise na ịrụ ọrụ mmanye. Ya mere, ọ gara Far East. Ọ alaghachighị n'ebe ahụ. December 27, 1938 nso Vladivostok, n'ebe ha mara ụlọikwuu osimiri nke-abua, na-ede uri na-ejide elu na ọnwụ.

Anyị na-atụ gị chọrọ ịnọgide maara oké ede uri, dị ka Mandelstam. Biography, photos, okike ụzọ - niile a na-enye ụfọdụ echiche nke ya. Otú ọ dị, naanị chigharịkwuuru Mandelstam ọrụ, ị nwere ike ịghọta onye a, na-eche na ike nke àgwà ya.