Panama Canal - kasị ukwuu nweta nke engineering

Ru okenye Panama Canal a na-ewere ndị kasị elu nweta nke injinịa. N'ihi na ugwu ugwu teren na embossed na ala, ya bụ nile tortuous. Ọ obe na Isthmus nke Panama na kacha dịrị warara akụkụ na-ejikọ ndị Gulf of Panama na na Caribbean Sea.

Na Atlantic n'ụsọ oké osimiri na ọ nwere ya si malite n'obodo Columbus, na Pacific Ocean n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-agwụ Panama City. Canal ogologo 81,6 km, gụnyere 65,2 km na ụwa na 16.4 km on n'ala oké osimiri ahụ Limon na Panama bays. Oghere ya ụbọchị bụ afọ 1920, ọ bụ ezie na mbụ ụgbọ mmiri ụgbọ mmiri site na ọwa na 1914.

Nke oghere nke Panama Canal nwere ihe bara oké uru mmetụta na dum zuru ụwa ọnụ mbupu na aku na uba nke Western Hemisphere. Site na nke a ụzọ, n'ebe dị anya site n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ US n'ụsọ oké osimiri dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ụsọ oké osimiri site na oké osimiri jụrụ 22 puku. Km na 9.5 puku. Km.

Panama Canal nwere atọ bilateral ọnụ ụzọ ámá: atọ-ulo "Gatun" emi odude ke n'akụkụ nke Atlantic, otu ulo "Pedro Miguel" na abụọ-ulo "Miraflores" bụ nso na Pacific Ocean. Nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri site na kanaal na-agba maka awa asatọ, a obere ụgbọ mmiri - 4-5 awa. On ya na-aga, ha na-ebili ka a dị elu nke 26 mita elu oké osimiri. Obosara gateways esịmde 34 m, na elu -. 305 m ike ọwa bụ 48 ugbo ala kwa ụbọchị.

Site Panama Canal bụ ma na nzuzo yachts na obere ụgbọ mmiri, na nnukwu oke mmiri tanker na akpa ụgbọ mmiri. Na-aga, ụgbọ-aga, na-aga site ọwa na abụọ nke ala ọ na-esonyere ọtụtụ lokomotorov. Ha adịghị sere ụgbọ mmiri, na naanị-enyere ya aka ịnọgide na n'etiti ọnụ ụzọ ámá, ọ dịghịkwa abịa n'ime kọntaktị na n'akụkụ mgbidi. Communication n'etiti onyeisi ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbọ mmiri lokomotora site na redio unilaterally. Lokomotor naanị anabata ntụziaka ship management, na anaghị ebunye ya. Na Panama, ọrụ a na-atụle ga kwesịrị nsọpụrụ na mma-akwụ ụgwọ. Ná nkezi, a ụgbọ mmiri, a ọnwa nwere ike inwe a ụgwọ nke ruo $ 24 puku., Ọ bụ ezie na ukara opekempe ụgwọ na mba ruru $ 450. Number nke ụgbọ mmiri na lokomotorov na-adabere na ụdị arịa na-aga nwere ike iru atọ.

Ruo mgbe 2000, Panama Canal na asatọ kilometa gbara ya gburugburu ebe so US agha ọchịchị. Panamanian iwu na American uwe ojii nọ n'ógbè ahụ na-arụ ọrụ. On na mgbe January 1 nke afọ ọwa a kpọfere Panamanian ọchịchị.

The ụgbọ na Panama Canal ka a obere onwe ụgbọ mmiri bụ banyere $ 800, mgbe ndị kasị ibu arịa -. $ 500 puku obon ego maka njem jide ọha ọrụ - na Panama Canal Administration. Iji ụbọchị, o nwere banyere 9000 ọrụ.

State ọchịchị invests bukwanu ego na mmepe nke Panama Canal. Na n'ọdịnihu dị nso, ọ bụ kpara nsoro ọhụrụ na nnọchi ochie lokomotorov sluice ọnụ ụzọ ámá nke oge a. Na 2004, ọrụ e dechara on mmụba nke warara òkè. N'oge a, obosara nke Itie 13 km mụbara site 40 mita. Nke a mụbara ike nke na ụgbọ mmiri site na 20%. Ugbu a a abụọ n'ụgbọ mmiri n'otu oge gafee. N'ọdịnihu dị nso ọ na-zubere na-ewu atọ ọzọ dams.