Redioaktivu ofufe nke ala na mmetụta ya na

mmadụ activism ukwuu mgbe njọ na-emetụta ụwa gburugburu dị ndụ na-adịghị ndụ na okike. Ngwa mmepe nke ụlọ ọrụ, kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ agriculture, n'efu management nsogbu - niile a kpọrọ egwu gburugburu nke mbara ala. Na mmepe nke nuclear ike na mma nke ngwá agha nuklia e nwere nsogbu ọzọ - na ofufe nke Ona, mmiri, ikuku.

Akọwapụta nsogbu

Redioaktivu ofufe nke ala - ya karịa ya radionuclide kasịnụ na egosi nke kacha allowable ọnụego ruru mmadụ ọrụ.

Mmeru ebe na-ji dị ịrịba ama ngafe doses nke mpụga na esịtidem ikpughe. Iji na-ezo aka norms nke ionizing gwọọ ndị International Commission of radieshon Protection (ICRP), nkezi kwa afọ dose of radieshon ẹkenam na Ona na oké nkume nke 0.25-0.5 microsieverts kwa afọ (mSv / y). Nke a ọkọlọtọ na-akọwa ego nke radieshon bụ nchebe nke ụmụ mmadụ na ahụ ike na bụ ọtụtụ ugboro ala karịa nke ga-eme na ọnwụ nke a ndụ organism maka a n'ihu ụbọchị 30.

ihe

Olee otú ofufe nke ala? Isi mmalite nke mmetọ - abụọ dị iche iche nke radionuclides:

• mmadụ mere;
• eke.

Ọ maara na ala nwere eke radionuclides. Otú ọ dị, ha ịta na-budata ụba n'ihi mmepụta, nchekwa nke eke ngwaọrụ, nhazi, njikọta, ha rụpụta, coal combustion ofufe ash iji dị ka a fertilizing osisi ma ọ bụ maka imewe nke ụlọ ihe, wdg

N'ihi na otutu oge mmepụta na iji fatịlaịza eme kwa afọ ego nke radioactively mmeru Ona na-abawanye. Dị ka ihe atụ, a-agụghị oké ghọtara nke nke na-amụba ịta nke radionuclides na ala ruru ka ojiji nke potash na phosphate nri.

Ru radionuclides na nnukwu quantities ịdaba mmiri nke mbara ụwa Biosphere ruru nuclear ntiwapụ.

N'ihi ya, ndị bụ isi na ihe na-eme ka ofufe nke ala bụ:

• kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ mmepe nke ugbo ala;
• arọ ụlọ ọrụ;
• Ngwuputa nke eke ego;
• redioaktivu n'efu;
• umu anwuru si nuclear radieshon;
• nuclear ule.

Redioaktivu ofufe nke ala: ofufe mmetụta

E nwere ọtụtụ mmetụta ọjọọ nke ala ofufe:

• kpọmkwem-ezighị ezi mmetụta nke redioaktivu bekee na ụmụ anụmanụ, osisi na ụmụ mmadụ;
• ịrịba mmachi nke na o na-eji ala ego maka ọrụ ugbo. Mgbe niile ngwaahịa nke a na-enwetara site na ndị dị otú ahụ a ibé n'elu n'ọkwa nke ịta nke redioaktivu ihe ruru ka ofufe nke na-emeghe ọdọ na ala, ala saa si ebe emerụ ogige. Siri ike ofufe pụrụ iduga enweghi ike iji ọhụrụ mmiri bụghị naanị n'ihi na mmanya na-esi nri, ma na-na desoldering anụ ụlọ ma ọ bụ mmiri nke na-akọ ugbo ala.

Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-arụ ụka na-emeri nke radieshon gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-ajụ na-eduga ná mezue ọnwụ nke biogeotsionozov na bi na. Nke a pụtara mgbe elu-etoju nke mmetọ. Ebe ndị dị otú na ofu na gburugburu nke isi ebe enwere a ntọhapụ nke radieshon na, dị ka a N'ihi ya, ofufe nke ala. Chernobyl - ịchụso mpaghara mgbe mberede. Mgbe ọtụtụ narị hekta natara ike dose of radieshon, dị ka a N'ihi nke a ha na-kpam kpam wepụrụ mmadụ ọrụ.

na-apụtaghị ìhè na Filiks

The ala-adọrọ mgbagwoju ụdị redioaktivu bekee. Ke adianade do, ọ na-echekwa ha ruo ogologo oge.

Radionuclides ke ala na-ji:

• Njirimara nke na ya nọ n'ọrụ umu;
• Njirimara na mejupụtara nke ala n'onwe ya;
• Njirimara nke radionuclides fallout;
• Ihu Igwe kwa;
• atụmatụ nke odida obodo.

Radionuclides nri n'elu ala elu na mejupụtara nke aerosols, minerals, particulate mmanụ ụgbọala, wdg The kacha òkè nke ha soluble fractions ke uwa fallout nke 30-90%. The kasị elu ọnụ ọgụgụ si cesium na strontium. Olee na-akpa àgwà radionuclides n'ọdịnihu - ọ dịghị onye maara. Dynamic ịha enwekwu na usen solubility nke ha depositions. Ala soluble organic bekee na pụrụ iche acidification nke gburugburu ebe obibi na-emetụta ndị na-amụba Mbugharị nke radionuclides na a na-eji maka nzube nke ya ọcha.

The agagharị nke redioaktivu ofufe na-adabere na:

• mineralogical mejupụtara;
• nnweta na ala geochemical mgbochi;
• urughuru size nkesa ;
• Njirimara humus;
• mmeghachi omume na-ajụ.

Kwụ redistribution nke radionuclides

Ịkọ omume mmetụta nke ala ofufe bụ nnọọ mkpa ịmara àgwà nke Mbugharị nke radionuclides.

redistribution nke radionuclides na ala pụtara na kwụ na vetikal ntụziaka na a eke ụzọ na maka ihe nke ụmụ mmadụ na-eme.

Kwụ Mbugharị bụ n'ihi na:

• aeolian iga (aha na-abịa site aha nke chi Aeolus ifufe);
• Nchoputa idei mmiri ahụ na-eme ka ndị ọzọ kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ ofufe nisin na ala mmiri;
• anụmanụ n'efu (earthworms, ọhịa boars, ntụpọ ojii n'ahụ na ndị ọzọ "na-egwu ala");
• okporo ụzọ;
• ihe ubi green nri na ala ahịhịa juru mmeru;
• ọhịa ọkụ, nke na-nnọọ ike isotopes nyefee akpata.

Kacha nta kwụ Mbugharị hụrụ oké ọhịa coenoses, na kacha - na agrocenoses na ìhè Ona. Kwụ redistribution, na otu aka, ebelata larịị nke ala ofufe na redioaktivu nuclides, na ndị ọzọ - ịgbasa ebe nke ha na-ekesa.

ziri ezi Mbugharị

Ma vetikal redistribution, mgbe ahụ, na ihe niile ala ụdị, ya ngwa ngwa. Linear ọsọ nke usoro bụ site na a ole na ole otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri na abụọ sentimita kwa afọ. Ala na nke a na-eme dị ka a biogeochemical mgbochi. Studies na Chernobyl mpaghara gosiri na ọtụtụ ndị radionuclides na foduru n'ime n'elu oyi akwa nke ala (banyere 10 cm) maka a ogologo oge. Na na osisi nke a mpaghara redioaktivu bekee akwakọba na-awụba n'oké osimiri (epupụta, agịga) na ala oyi akwa nke ala (banyere 1-2 cm).

Vetikal Mbugharị nke radionuclides na-adabere na ndị dị otú ahụ ihe:

• mgbawa ugwu eruptions;
• mmiri ozuzo, mmiri nyefe runoff na evaporation;
• nyefe nke osisi mgbọrọgwụ usoro;
• mmadụ ọrụ - ịkọ, mmiri.

The kasị mmeru ebe na ụwa

Na mbara ala, e nwere ọtụtụ narị radioactively mmeru ebe. A ihe ize ndụ bụ hanford ebe na steeti Washington, USA. Ebe a ibu mgbagwoju, kwubara mbụ na ụwa nuclear development e wuru na n'etiti narị afọ gara aga. Dị ka a n'ihi nke ya na-eme na e metọrọ emetọ na ebe 518 square mita. km.

Ona na Somalia e ji mee ihe maka iwu na-akwadoghị mkpofu nuclear n'efu. Semipalatnsky saịtị na Kazakhstan ebe nuclear ule e rụrụ, bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị radieshon-ize ndụ ebe ke ererimbot. Na obodo nke Maili-Suu, Kyrgyzstan, uranium Ngwuputa e gbanwee na Union ọnụ ọgụgụ, na-akpata oké elu kasịnụ nke redioaktivu isotopes na district mines.

Maara nke ọma Chernobyl mpaghara - a nwụrụ anwụ mpaghara, ebe ọtụtụ narị kilomita nke ala ofufe mere. Chernobyl - bụghị naanị ụwa nuklia ike ojii, bụ ebe e nwere a nuclear ọdachi nke zuru ụwa ọnụ ọnụ ọgụgụ. Yiri ya mere na Fukushima, Japan. Ebe a, ala ọma jijiji na mbufịt na March 2011 mere ka ihe mberede na osisi, nke tara ahụhụ dị ka a n'ihi nke nnukwu ókèala.

Industrial mgbagwoju "Mayak" na Russia na nzuzo obodo "Chelyabinsk-40" nso n'obodo Kyshtym emetụta ihe mberede na 1957. Ya na ya pụta ghọrọ redioaktivu ofufe nke 25 000 nari nke arable ala. Ndị dị otú ahụ a kpata ajọ ọnọdụ gburugburu OJSC Siberia Chemical Ikpokọta na Tomsk Oblast, Russia.

Atụmatụ nke eji metọrọ emetọ ebe

Na ala tumadi akpọkọtara radionuclides na ogologo ọkara ire ere: promethium-147, Cerro-144, cesium-137, Ruthenium-106 na 103, strontium-90. The kasị dị ize ndụ maka ndụ ntule bụ strontium-90. Ya mere, na ubi-oria na ụzarị ọkụ, omume agrochemical, Agro-oru na ndị ọzọ na-eme, nke na-enwe ike iji belata mgbanwe nke ize ndụ ogige si ala osisi. N'ihi nke a na-ebipụ topsoil na olili.

Irè ezu bụ na nkpuru ụfọdụ osisi dị iche iche na umu, nke na-ji a kacha nta ozo nke radionuclide ìgwè. Onye ọ bụla maara na anụmanụ fattening, na-eji nanị dị ọcha ndepụta. Sorbents na-eji pụrụ iche nwekwara na inhibit Itie redioaktivu bekee na mmiri ara ehi.

Reclamation ọrụ iji na mbenata oriri nke radionuclides n'ime osisi. Iji mee nke a ka ala sorbents, dị ka vermiculite, zeolite, ịnweta ma organic nwekwara, wayo. Na agriculture ọnụ ìgwè ke osisi emee site radionuclides ugbo omume. Wepụta Plantage ịkọ, na guzobere ntụgharị. Nke a cultivation Usoro na-eduga ná a anyịnwa ịhụkwu nke redioaktivu ofufe. N'ihi na nke a ìgwè nke bekee na osisi na-belata 24 ugboro. Na ugbo, kwesịrị ịgbanwe Ọdịdị nke akuku adiana. Ọ dị mma na-amalite na-eto eto ulo oru ubi na-adịghị eji ihe oriri.

Otu ọzọ usoro nke iji metọrọ emetọ na ebe bụ mwepụ nke ọ bụla kpọmkwem mmetụta. Ka ihe atụ, i nwere ike ịmepụta pụrụ iche mee. Nnọọ ndabere radieshon na saịtị nke ọrịa kụrụ ọhịa, tumadi pine.

nchebe

Nchebe na ebe e nwere redioaktivu ofufe nke ala, na-eduzi na mbenata mmetụta ọjọọ nke radieshon. Rụrụ dị otú ahụ omume:

• atụmatụ mmepe maka ojiji nke ngwaahịa na ókèala ndị mba ma ọ bụ mba ozo, dabere n'ókè nke mmetọ na ndị nwere ihe ize ndụ nke ofufe nke gbara ya gburugburu ebe;
• reclamation, Agro-oru ihe;
• chemical disinfection;
• iji nke sorbents;
• mmachi nke mmadụ na-eme;
• na-agwa ọha na eze banyere ihe ize ndụ;
• amachi mbupụ nke ọ bụla ngwaahịa si dị ize ndụ n'ógbè.

Oge nke ndaba nke ndị a mgbochi na-adabere isi na njupụta nke ofufe. Ke adianade do, ntị ka ikpughe dose nke radieshon. Oge a nwere ike adịru site ọtụtụ izu ka ọtụtụ iri afọ. N'ihi ya ecologists belata ofufe nke ala na mmetụta ya na.