Romanticism ka a edemede ije. Romanticism na akwụkwọ nke narị afọ nke 19

Nke a eruba bụ otu n'ime isi nkà ihe ndị mere na omenala nke XIX narị afọ na Russia, Europe na America. Romanticism ka a edemede ije mụrụ na mbubreyo XVIII narị afọ, ma ruru ya kasị ukwuu ọganihu na 1830s. Ebe ọ bụ na n'oge 1850s, oge na-amalite na-aga n'ime odida, ma ya eri na-wetara dum XIX narị afọ, na-enye a ndabere na ebe dị otú ahụ dị ka ihe atụ, decadence na neo-romanticism.

Ntoputa nke romanticism

Weere na ebe omumu nke ntụziaka nke Europe, karịsịa Britain na France, n'ihi ya aha nke nkà direction - «romantisme». Ihe kpatara ya bụ na romanticism narị afọ nke 19 pụta dị ka a n'ihi French mgbanwe.

The mgbanwe bibie hierarchy adị mbụ, bido otu na-elekọta mmadụ strata. The nwoke wee malite owu, ma malite na-achọ ngụgụ obi na ịgba chaa chaa na ndị ọzọ ntụrụndụ. Megide a ndabere, na echiche na ihe niile nke ndụ bụ a egwuregwu na nke e nwere mmeri na losers. Isi dike nke a ihunanya ọrụ nke ọ bụla na-aghọ nwoke na-egwuri egwu akara aka, na a kara aka.

Gịnị bụ Romanticism

Romanticism - na ọ bụ ihe nke dị naanị na akwụkwọ: iju, ịrịba na kediegwu phenomena, n'otu oge ndị a na-ekwu nke onye site ime mmụọ ya na ihe ndụ. Tumadi ihe mkpughe megide backdrop nke gosiri ahuhu, ihe niile na-agụ akụkọ nwere ihe gosiri site odide, ha na-emekarị nyere a na-enupụ isi spirit.

Ndị dere Ihunanya oge elekwasị na eziokwu na isi uru ndụ - a onye bụ. Ọ bụla onye na - a iche iche ụwa jupụtara ịtụnanya mma. Ọ bụ n'ebe niile mmasị n'ike mmụọ nsọ na elu mmetụta, na e nwere a ọchịchọ idealize.

Dị ka novelists, ezigbo - echiche nke ephemeral, kama o nwere ikike adị. The ezigbo ihe karịrị ihe niile nkịtị, otú ahụ ka isi agwa na echiche ya na-na-emegide everyday mmekọrịta na ihe onwunwe.

pụrụ iche atụmatụ

Akụkụ nke Romanticism ka a edemede ije dị ka isi echiche na esemokwu.

The isi echiche nke fọrọ nke nta ọ bụla ngwaahịa - mgbe nile ije dike ahụ ohere. Eziokwu a dị ka ọ na-egosipụta ihe mgbagwoju anya nke mkpụrụ obi, ọ nọgidere na ugbu a echiche ma n'otu oge - mgbanwe ndị na-ndị gbara ya gburugburu.

Dị ka ọtụtụ nkà mmegharị, Romanticism nwere ya agha. Ebe a, dum echiche dabeere na mgbagwoju mmekọrịta nke protagonist na n'èzí ụwa. Ọ bụ nnọọ nanị ọdịmma onwe na n'otu oge ahụ na-enupụrụ ndị ọjọọ, nke rụrụ arụ, na ihe anụ nke eziokwu na n'ụzọ ụfọdụ na-egosipụta na ya omume, echiche na echiche nke agwa. Kasị akpọ nke a na-esonụ ihe atụ nke ndị edemede romanticism: Childe Harold - onye bụ isi sekpụ "Childe Harold njem uka" Byron na Pechorin - si "dike nke Oge Anyị" Lermontov.

Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ichikota n'elu, ọ na-enyo na na ndabere nke ọ bụla yiri ngwaahịa - na ọdịiche dị n'etiti eziokwu na idealized ụwa nwere nnọọ nkọ n'ọnụ.

Romanticism na European akwụkwọ

European romanticism narị afọ nke 19 bụ dị ịrịba ama na ya ọtụtụ nke ọrụ ya nwere a kediegwu ntọala. Ndị a nwere ọtụtụ fabulous akụkọ na-emeghị, akụkọ ndị dị mkpirikpi na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ.

The isi mba nke romanticism ka a edemede ije kasị na Baịbụl, bụ France, Britain na Germany.

Nke a nkà onu nwere ọtụtụ nkebi:

1. 1801-1815 afọ. Malite na-ewu ihunanya aesthetics.
2. 1815-1830 afọ. Ntoputa na ae nke N'ezie, definition nke isi postulates a direction.
3. 1830-1848 afọ. Romanticism na-uwe a ọzọ na-elekọta mmadụ ụdị.

Onye ọ bụla n'ime mba ndị a mere ka ya, pụrụ iche onyinye mmepe nke kwuru na omenala onu. Na France, na ihunanya edemede ọrụ nwere a na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị agba?, Dere ha na-emegidekwa ndị ọhụrụ bourgeoisie. Nke a otu, dị ka French ọgụgụ, emebi ike n'ezi ihe nke mmadụ, ịma mma na nnwere onwe nke mmụọ.

Na English omenala Romanticism kee maka ezi oge ụfọdụ, ma ruo mgbe ọgwụgwụ nke XVIII narị afọ bụghị dị ka ndị dị a iche edemede ije. English na-arụ ọrụ, na iche na French, full of gothic, okpukpe, mba akụkọ ifo, omenala, onye oru ugbo na-arụ ọrụ 'mkpakọrịta (gụnyere ime mmụọ). Ke adianade do, English prose na lyrics jupụtara na njem dị anya n'ala na ọmụmụ nke mba ọzọ.

Na German Romanticism ka a edemede ije e mmetụta Idealist nkà ihe ọmụma. Ndọkwasi ígwè iche na nnwere onwe onye na-emegbu emegbu feudalism na nghọta nke eluigwe na ala dị ka a dị ndụ usoro. Fọrọ nke nta ọ bụla German ọrụ jupụtara na reflections na mmadụ adị na ndụ nke mmụọ ya.

Europe: atụ nke ọrụ

N'etiti ndị kasị kwesiri ngosi ọrụ nke European edemede ọrụ ndị na-esonụ na-atụle ga-na mmụọ nke na Romanticism:

- na inem "amamihe nke Kraịst", akụkọ "Atala" na "Rene" Chateaubriand;

- akwụkwọ akụkọ "dolphin", "Corinna, ma ọ bụ Italy," Germaine de Stael;

- nchụàjà "Adolf" Benjamin Ịnọgide;

- nchụàjà "Nkwupụta nke a Child nke Century" Musset;

- nchụàjà "Cinq-Mars," Vigny;

- manifesto "Okwu mmalite" na ngwaahịa, "Cromwell", nchụàjà "Notre Dame de Paris" Hugo;

- nkiri bụ "Henry III na ya ikpe", a usoro nke akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere Musketeers, "The agụ nke Monte Cristo" na "Koroleva Margo" Dumas;

- akwụkwọ akụkọ "Indiana", "Wayfarer", "Horace", "Consuelo" Zhorzh Aja;

- manifesto "Racine na Shakespeare" Stendhal;

- na uri "Old Ọkwọ Ụgbọ Mmiri" na "Kristabel" Coleridge;

- "Eastern uri" na "Manfred" Byron;

- a collection of ọrụ nke Balzac;

- nchụàjà "Ivanhoe" Valtera Skotta;

- akụkọ "Hyacinth na Rose" nchụàjà "Heinrich von Ofterdingen" Novalis;

- ịnakọta nke akụkọ ndị dị mkpirikpi, akụkọ ifo na akụkọ nke Hoffmann.

Romanticism na Russian akwụkwọ

Russian romanticism narị afọ nke 19 sitere n'okpuru kpọmkwem mmetụta nke Western akwụkwọ. Otú ọ dị, n'agbanyeghị nke a, ọ nwere ya àgwà, nke na-eme track nke gara aga oge.

Nke a nkà onu na Russia n'ụzọ zuru ezu na-egosi elu-arụ ọrụ na okpuru enweghị mmasị na-achị achị bourgeoisie, akpan akpan, na na ụzọ ndụ - unbridled, omume rụrụ arụ na obi ọjọọ. Russian romanticism narị afọ nke 19 bụ kpọmkwem ná ndị na-enupụ isi na ọnọdụ na atụmanya nke oké mkpa milestones na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba.

pụta ìhè abụọ na ọnọdụ na-na akwụkwọ ndị nke oge: na psychological na obodo. The mbụ dabeere na nkọwa na analysis of mmetụta na mmetụta uche; nke abụọ - na nkwalite nke na-alụso ndị ụwa. General na isi echiche nke niile novelists bụ na a na-ede uri ma ọ bụ a so dee nwere na-akpa àgwà dị ka ndị ideals nke ọ kọwara ọrụ ya.

Russia: Ihe Nlereanya nke ọrụ

Ndị kasị dị ịrịba ihe atụ nke Romanticism na Russian akwụkwọ nke XIX narị afọ - bụ:

- akụkọ "Ondine", "The Mkpọrọ nke Chillon", ndị ballad "King nke Forest", "akụ Azụ," Zhukovsky "Lenora";

- ọrụ nke "Eugene Onegin," "Queen of spades" by Pushkin;

- "The Night Tupu Christmas" by Gogol;

- "A dike nke Oge Anyị" Lermontov.

Romanticism na American akwụkwọ

Na America, na-emekarị bụ ubé mesịrị development: mbụ ogbo ya ụbọchị laghachi afọ 1820-1830, na ndị na - 1840-1860 afọ nke XIX narị afọ. Na ma nkebi na-ekewaghị ekewa na-enwe mmetụta nke ọgba aghara obodo na France (nke anana-e kere eke nke US), kpọmkwem otú a na America (agha maka nnwere onwe pụọ Britain na agha n'etiti North na South).

Artistic direction na American Romanticism anọchi anya abụọ umu: ndi abolitionist, akwado maka ntọhapụ n'ohu, na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, idealized Ọkpọ.

American akwụkwọ nke oge a dabeere na ihe ọmụma na redefining Genres weghaara si Europe na weere na mbụ ụzọ na ijeụkwụ nke ndụ na ka ọhụrụ na obere maara na Chile. American ọrụ n'ụba flavored mba ndebeolu, a n'echiche nke onwe na-alụ maka nnwere onwe.

American romanticism. ihe atụ nke ngwaahịa

- a usoro nke "Alhambra" akụkọ "mọ-alụ ọhụrụ", "Rip Van Winkle" na "The Legend of ero ụra oghere," Washington africa igbo gospel music;

- nchụàjà "The ikpeazụ nke Mohicans" by James Fenimore Cooper;

- abụ "The Raven", akụkọ "Ligeia", "Golden ebe", "The Fall nke House of eweta" na ndị ọzọ E. Allan Poe;

- nchụàjà "The Acha uhie uhie Letter" na "The House nke Seven Gables" Gorton;

- nchụàjà "Typee" na "Moby Dick" Melville;

- nchụàjà "Uncle Tom na ụlọ," Harriet Beecher Stowe;

- a uri akụkọ nke "Evangeline", "The Song nke Hiawatha", "ịlụ nke Miles Standish," Longfellow;

- a collection of "epupụta nke Ezie," Whitman;

- edemede "Nwaanyị na iri na itoolu Century" by Margaret Fuller.

Romanticism ka a edemede ije nwere a mmetụta siri ike na music, nkiri na sere - bụ iji na-echeta ọtụtụ egwú na foto nke ndị ugboro. Nke a mere tumadi ruru ka àgwà ndị dị otú ahụ ka ebe elu aesthetics na mmetụta uche, pathos na heroism, chivalry na idealization nke ndi mmadu. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na afọ ndụ nke Romanticism bụ pụtara adịteghị, ọ dịghị emetụta ewu ewu na nke akwụkwọ ndị e dere na XIX narị afọ, na-esote afọ iri - na edemede ọrụ nkà nke oge hụrụ n'anya na-akwanyere ùgwù site na ọha na eze na nke a ụbọchị.