The European Central Bank (ECB). The ọrụ nke European Central Bank

European Central Bank - bụ akụ etiti nke European Union na Eurozone. Ọ a maara dị ka ndị kasị onwe ha akụ na ụwa. Ọ bụ nke a ego alụmdi nwere zuru ikike ikpebi na ihe ọ bụla metụtara ndị euro. Institution tọrọ ntọala na 1998. Onyeisi oche mbụ nke ego alụmdi bụ Wim Duisenberg, onye a họọrọ ka a okwu nke 5 afọ. Na October 2003, dị ka ndị ọhụrụ president were Jean-Klod Trishe. Taa, ndị na-eduga ọnọdụ bụ nke Mario Draghi.

akụkọ

Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ malitere ịdị n'otu nke Europe. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ structuring wee malite guzobe otu ahịa ohere. Na oge site na 1947 ka 1957, ọ e ọma rụrụ n'oge mwekota nke ebe na ukem ntoputa nke State nke European ịkwụ ụgwọ Union. Na 1957, e nwere otu òtù ndị kasị ibu mba Europe na European Economic Community. Na 1979, ndị EEC ẹkenam nhazi ego - ECU - maka ógbè ẹkedide kegide a nkata nke European ego. Memorandum na guzobe nke European ego ebe, na ECB e bịanyere aka na 1988. CB "Central European Bank" pụtara mgbe bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado na 1992 na ókèala Maahstrihta nkwekọrịta mba guzosie ike European Union, nakwa dị ka mgbe e guzobere European Monetary Institute, nke na-ahụ maka ịkwadebe ntughari ka otu akwụkwọ ego - na euro.

Mpụga na esịtidem Ọdịdị

The Central European Bank nwere a pụrụ iche management otu. Ọ na-agụnye ndị nnọchiteanya si ọ bụla nke EU Member States. Ajụjụ banyere ọrụ nke a ego alụmdi, mmasị udu, promissory ndetu na ihe ndị ọzọ, ezipụta Directorate nke oru, na Board of Governors. The management mejupụtara mmadụ 6, na onyeisi oche nke ụlọ akụ, na ya osote onye, yana idobe okirikiri. Board ngwa ahọrọ maka asatọ-okwu. Nhoputa maka ebe ke Directorate na-nominated na atụle site na European nzuko omeiwu na ndị ndú nke na-ekwu na bụ akụkụ nke euro mpaghara. The ECB bụ onye so na European System of Central Banks, nke na-agụnye National Bank of na European Union. The mba usoro na-arụ ọrụ na abụọ-larịị algọridim. Ajụjụ ọ bụla na-akwanyere ego iwu-biri naanị na ihe omume ahụ na nkwekọrịta ruru na onye ọ bụla nke na-etoju.

Isi

Central European Bank ebe ya inception ke Germany, na Frankfurt, n'otu n'okpuru idu ndú nke ụwa dum nke na European Central anoghi n'ulo oba. The mejupụtara Ọdịdị mejupụtara:

• Bank of Belgium.
• Bundensbank.
• Bank of Greece.
• The Bank of Spain.
• The Bank of France.
• Luxembourg Monetary Institute.

Ọnọdụ nke a iwu kwadoro bụ nanị ECB, ndị ọzọ nile na ego oru gụnyere na usoro na-egwu ọrụ nke inyeaka nkeji. Ha aga-eme obere. The isi nzube bụ iji gbochie ECB arị elu ahịa na stabilization nke onu oriri, nke ga-gafere 2%. Mkpebi ọ bụla na omume nke ụlọ akụ nwere a kpọmkwem mmetụta na euro ọnụego mgbanwe megide ndị ọzọ ego nke ụwa. Nkọ fluctuations na-akpata a mgbanwe ke mmasị ọnụego na mbinye ego na Member States Union.

Nso ke ECB?

Central European Bank anamde multiple achị ọrụ:

• Development na mmejuputa iwu nke ego iwu na ókèala ndị euro ebe.
• Security, mmepe na management nke mgbanwe mee nke ala nke euro-mpaghara ukara.
• Esemokwu nke euro.
• Isetịpụ mmasị ọnụego.
• Huu price kwụsie ike na euro mpaghara.

Egosi nke ECB bụ index nke ndị ahịa nke ngwongwo na-eji ọkụ ofụri EU na size nke ego esenyịn, nke na-abawanye ekwesịghị ịbụ ihe karịrị 4.5% n'oge afọ.

Key mmasị udu nke ụlọ akụ

The ọrụ nke European Central Bank ekpuchi njirimara na mmasị ọnụego. Interest udu nwere ike ịbụ nke atọ ụdị:

• The refinancing ọnụego. Nke a bụ mmasị ọnụego, nke na-ekpebi kacha nta uru nke ngwa maka mma nke ihe onwunwe na obi nke onye ECB.
• The mmasị ọnụego na ego na ya. Nke a bụ mmasị ọnụego, nke bụ isi mgbe ịtụkwasị dị ego na ECB na oru. Rate-eme dị ka ala ịgba nke mmasị udu na ahịa n'otu ntabi anya.
• Odide Etiti ọnụego ya na mgbazinye ego - bụ ọnụego ya na nke mmiri na Ọdịdị nke ahụ ESS, ị nwere ike nweta a ego, nke bụ na ọ dị mkpa ịnọgide na-enwe na-adịghị adịte liquidity. Odide Etiti ọnụego na-arụ ọrụ nke elu ịgba nke na nso na akara na ahịa mmasị udu n'otu ntabi anya.

Site na wụnye a na ụdị udu, na European Central Bank na-emepụta ina ma ọ bụ ọkọnọ nke ego, ana achi achi ya kwụsie ike na-achị ego aga n'ime mpaghara.

General ndokwa

The European Central Bank bụ a pụrụ iche iwu muta, onye ọrụ dabeere na mba nkwekọrịta. The ikike isi obodo nke alụmdi na oge nke ya e kere eke hà na-5 ijeri euro. Na ọrụ nke oke n'akụ ndị kasị mmiri na Europe. German "Bundesbank" mere 18,9% nke isi obodo ya, ndị Bank of France - 14,2%, Italy Bank - 12.5%, Bank of Spain - 8.3%. The ike nke Central Bank of mba Europe nwere n'etiti 0.1% na 3.9% nke mbụ ike isi obodo. Na-ahụ na ego na alụmdi nke onyeisi osisi, bụ nke e kwuru n'elu, - isi ya eguzo President nke European Central Bank. The isi mma nke ego nzukọ - bụ a zuru onwe. N'otu oge ahụ na ulo akwukwo na iwu ji ya kwa afọ n'okpuru a akụkọ na ya na-eme na Europe nzuko omeiwu, European Commission, Council nke European Union na Council of Europe.

Areas Policy

Iji mezuo ya ebumnobi na ECB ojiji ngwaọrụ dị ka stabilization mgbazinye ego na mortgage auctions, mba ọzọ mgbanwe arụmọrụ na azụmahịa na-emeghe ahịa. Ike kacha ike ngwá ọrụ nke ego ahịa iwu - a European Central Bank ọnụego. ego guzobe ọrụ dabeere na ụkpụrụ nke nnwere onwe pụọ ná mba ndị ọzọ, nakwa dị ka site zuru ụwa ọnụ na ozu ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka mkpebi ikpe. Work na nso nso bụ isi na-agụnye mba mmanye na overlapping mpụga na esịtidem ụgwọ. N'ihi na a mkpebi na onye ọ bụla kpọmkwem iwu maka ọ ga vootu, ọtụtụ ndị òtù nke Management Board. Onye ọ bụla n'ime ha nwere naanị otu oge votu. The isi nke European Central Bank kwesịrị iso echiche nke Board. Nanị mgbe doo nke kpọmkwem ngwọta na ya, mmejuputa iwu nwere ike ifịk Central bịara n'ikperé mmiri nke mba Europe.

Powers nke ECB na mba Central anoghi n'ulo oba

ECB n'okpuru nkwonkwo mgbalị na Central Association nke States Nnọkọ Oriri na Ọṅụṅụ nwere ikike na-etolite mmekọrịta na mba ndị ọzọ nke Central Bank, na ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa na mba na òtù dị otú ahụ. Open ohere maka nnweta, ire na zipu niile ụdị nke akụ, gụnyere Bullion. Echiche nke "ike akụ" na-agụnye ala na bụla ego na ihe ọ bụla nkeji nke ngụkọta oge. Hapụrụ-onwunwe na management nke akụ. ECB enịmde a dịgasị iche iche nke ụlọ akụ òtù nke ọ bụla ụdị, dị ka ndị mmekọ na mba òtù nwere ike na-eme dị ka ndị nnọchianya nke a ọzọ. Mmekọrịta nwere ike ịgụnye agbaziri na agbazinye arụmọrụ. E wezụga nkiti ọrụ e kwuru, European Bank na imekọ ihe ọnụ Central mba Europe nwere ike na-eduzi arụmọrụ ihe ndutịm nzube ya, na-eme ihe na-amasị onye osisi. Otu ihe dị mkpa ogbo na mkpebi nke ụlọ akụ ahụ na-eme nwere ike na-akpọ guzobe nke European Monetary System, nke malitere ịdị na 1979.

European Monetary System n'ime kpuchie nke ECB

The refinancing ọnụego nke European Central Bank - bụghị nanị ihe na-na-emetụta ndị European ego usoro. EMU na nke ya onwe nwere ọtụtụ kpọmkwem ihe aga-eme. Ị nwere ike ikwu banyere ndị na-esonụ ebe:

• Huu ego kwụsie ike n'ime EU.
• Oke simplification nke usoro nke convergence na-arụsi ọrụ ike mmepe.
• Na usoro nke kwụsiri ike Ego usoro enye ibu atụmatụ.
• Systematization mụ ego na aku na uba na mmekọrịta nke onye mba agwa.

Ọ bụ ekele iwebata n'ime nrugharị dị otú ahụ ego ka ECU, na European Union so n'òtù ọma nagide nsogbu nke 80s. Mgbe mmeri usoro nke onu oriri e wepụrụ mmachibido ugbu a ego azụmahịa. Kemgbe 1990, ọ nyeere free eruba nke isi obodo mode. Ná mmalite, na ebumnuche nke EU bụ iji nye kacha ọnọdụ maka ije nke ngwaahịa na ọrụ, isi obodo na ọrụ mmanye. The ECB e kere na-agba ume iwebata otu ụdị ego a, a nkịtị ụmụ amaala. Ọrụ ya bụ ka nọ na atụmatụ ogbo bụ inyere ịzụlite institutional na iwu usoro maka nchikota bụghị nanị nke mba ọzọ amụma, kamakwa nche iwu nke ọ bụla State Party.