The mba nnọchianya nke Austria - St. Stephen Katidral. St. Stephen Katidral: ije, ihe onwunwe na nlegharị anya

National nnọchianya nke Austria na mma nke obodo Vienna aghọwo a magburu temple of St. Stephen, Katidral Catholic, jupụtara na ebube onwunwe na ọrụ nkà. N'okpuru ya bụ ọ na-erughị ama catacombs, ebe edina foduru nke niile Austrian eze ukwu ebe ọ bụ na onye-isi onye wuru a ebube temple, Rudolf VI nke, ozokwa iri asaa na abụọ Habsburg, Evgeniy Savoysky, na ọtụtụ nke katidral. Na ma nke ụlọ elu abụọ nke ihe ndị dị ebube echiche nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndị mara mma obodo.

nnọchianya nke Vienna

Construction nke katidral malitere na nke iri na abụọ na narị afọ, na taa ọ bụ ihe kasị dị ịrịba ama Gothic ụlọ ke Austria na ngụkọta 107 mita elu na elu ọzọ ụlọ nche 30. Visitors mgbe ịrị mgbịrịgba elu, ndikan narị atọ na iri ise degrees. Ọ bụ ọnụ ahịa ya: na-ele si mgbịrịgba-ringer nke ụlọ bụ nanị ebube. Na ndị 23 ataṅu dị iche iche nha na na otu n'ime ndị isi na-adọrọ mmasị nke ndị chọọchị nke St. Stephen, Katidral na-mma nanị, onye naanị "Pummerin" bụ kasị mgbịrịgba na Western Europe. Doro anya na anya site n'elu ụlọ, ebe na-egbuke egbuke taịl ẹkenịm abụọ-gawa ugo na kootu nke ogwe aka nke Austria.

N'ime ụlọ nsọ ahụ mma gbanwere mgbe, ya mere ọtụtụ narị afọ ije ka enwetara nta niile ihe ịrịba ama nke ọnọdụ na okwukwo ruo Baroque. Onye ọ bụla ọbịa nke obodo weere bụghị nanị ọrụ dịịrị anyị ma na-akpa ọrụ ileta a ọla nke ije. Na otu ụbọchị bụ n'ụzọ doro anya agaghị ezuru nnyocha. N'ihi na St. Stephen chọọchị - katidral bụ nnukwu na n'ụzọ nkịtị ọ bụla square mita nke ya n'elu nwere otu isi nke mmasị.

onwunwe

Katidral akụ karịa nnukwu: a nnukwu ego nke bara uru altarpieces, n'akụkụ ụlọ ekpere, ihe, Jeweled na gold reliquaries, akwụkwọ, ememe okpukpe akụkụ, uwe ya dị. Nnukwu na sarcophagi. Cover Friedrich III tombstones Atụlee, e.g., asatọ tọn. Prints Evgeny zuru ike na a iche iche uka, mma na nnọọ whimsical. Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-atụle na nke mbụ olili bịara ebe a na mmalite nke iri na abụọ na narị afọ, ọ bụ omume site ọdịdị nke eli ozu Chọpụta guzobe omenala dị ka a ije na ime ngwọta plan.

Ugbu a, St. Stephen chọọchị - Cathedral Cathedral, e anọdụ Achịbishọp nke Vienna. The mbụ na chọọchị e wuru na n'etiti obodo na 1147, nke iri na ise na narị afọ na ọ nwetara na nke ugbu a ala, na oge a anya - na na iri na isii na narị afọ. Kasị ochie ụlọ - na Romanesque style, ọ ga-hụrụ na mgbidi nke Katidral, ebe portal na ụlọ elu abụọ, nke e mesịrị ka wughachi na Gothic style - mgbe ọkụ 1258.

ije

Na 1340, a Romanesque chọọchị mmasị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Albert si choruses na atọ naves (aha ya bụ na nsọpụrụ nke abụọ nke Eze Albert - mbụ na nke abụọ), ha na e chekwara a ụbọchị ke akpasarade ụdị. North nave raara nye Virgin Mary, na n'etiti - St. Stephen na ndi fọduru nke ndi nsọ, na n'ebe ndịda nave a raara nye ndịozi iri na abụọ. Na 1359 Rudolf IV tọrọ ọhụrụ ụka - Gothic, n'ọnọdu-ya ugbu a - kasị elu n'ebe ndịda ụlọ elu, onye ntọala bụ ihe ijuanya ike, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ nnọọ obere - na otu na ọkara mita. Mgbe ịrị elu elu nke ebe ndịda ị pụrụ ịhụ oge ochie oyiyi nke St. Stephen Katidral ke Vienna, nke jere ozi n'otu oge dị ka mma nke facade. N'ihi ya, na a bench, bụ nke dị na-esote oyiyi nke Saint Stephen Count Shtarhemberg ekenịmde surveillance nke Turks mgbe a nọchibidoro.

Ugwu ụlọ elu e wuru ihe karịrị otu narị afọ, ma na 1578 ọ onwem na a mara mma dome na Renaissance style. Viennese fundamentally ọ ka yiri ka a mmiri ụlọ elu, ọ bụ ezie na a na-akpọ Eagle, na-eduga na ya n'aka-Women nave portal-agba otu aha. Mgbe St. Stephen Katidral ghọrọ Katidral, ọkpụ pịrị Rollinger arụpụtara na a pụrụ iche ụkpụrụ nke na-ekwe ukwe, na na 1513 ọ ike a ahu. All ndị interiors nke oge ndị e mere, n'ezie, na Baroque style. Na 1647 malitere mwughachi: ebe ịchụàjà pụtara a pụrụ iche na-arụ ọrụ nke Jacob na Pokka, 1700-m - abụọ n'akụkụ ebe ịchụàjà ahụ, mma abụghị usụhọde na isi, e dere abụọ oyiyi nke Virgin Mary, ozugbo ghọrọ ama. ụlọ nsọ e elu achịbishọp afọ 40 mgbe merie ndị Turks - na 1722.

agha

Mgbe bombu nke Katidral nke St. Stephen e merụrụ ahụ, na-akpasu iwe nke Soviet agha nwekwara adịghị ewute ya. Otú ọ dị, commandant of Vienna General Sepp Dietrich nyere iwu Hitler ogbunigwe na ibibi obodo ahụ dum center. Ọtụtụ ihe anyị na-enwe obi ụtọ, nke a iji e-adịghị rụrụ. Ma ọjọ si adịghị echere: obodo - looters bukọrọ ihe niile dị nso ụlọ ahịa na-eme ka ha na ọku, na ọkụ na-agbasa n'ụlọ nsọ mgbagwoju.

The pụta egwu: ụlọ osụhọ n'ọtụtụ ebe, a na nnukwu mgbịrịgba elu dara na ndị North na jiri, ọtụtụ n'ime ime St. Stephen na Vienna, ọbụna rollingerovskie ekwe ukwe, na-fọrọ nke nta ebibi. Chebere ikwuputa okwu Chukwu na - ekele brick sarcophagi - kasị jiri kpọrọ ihe.

Cathedral weghachiri eweghachi site ọrụ afọ ofufo, na ọ e mere naanị n'afọ 1960. Na December 1948, n'elu isi nave enwere a ụlọ, na na April 1952, kemgbe-enwe ike iji maliteghachi ọrụ. The abụọ na-adọ mweghachi malitere na 1980, ọ na-aga n'ihu n'oge a. Weghachiri eweghachi nkume nzu mgbidi na ihe oyiyi, nke e nwere ọtụtụ, na oge obi ọjọọ ọbụna hardest ihe.

protomartyr

St. Stephens Cathedral dị bụghị naanị na Vienna. Nwoke a, akpa martyr, asọpụrụ niile Christian nta. Ọ si n'ógbè ndị Juu biri na Jerusalem. N'oge ya ozizi kwusara banyere 33-36 afọ., Nke ahụ bụ, ozugbo mbilite n'ọnwụ ma rịgoro nke Christ, e me n'ụlọikpe na sinedrialnomu nkume tụgbuo ya. Na akwụkwọ "Ọrụ nke Ndịozi," e dere banyere ya na-ejere Kraịst ma nabata martyrdom. Orthodox asọpụrụ ya na ebe nchekwa na January 9, ma ndị Katọlik na - 26 December.

Ọ bụ anya, Stephen nwụrụ ikpe ọnwụ ma ọ bụ nanị lynched site ìgwè mmadụ ahụ, na-enweghị na-eche maka ikpe. O kwuru ihe ndị na-ama ma banyere nsụhọ nke ndị mmadụ, ọbụna ndị nke mbụ na ha dịkọrọ ndụ nke Jehova, na ike ahu, ndi nuru ya ilu, na hụrụ ọrụ ebube ndị nke o mere. Stephen na-ekwu banyere ihe ọ hụrụ na ihe n'anya-ya: ọ nọ ọdụ n'aka nri nke Nna ya. O yiri a ka arụ. Ọ kọwara igbu ọchụ idaha na-adịghị amasị lapidatsiyu (kamenovanie), kama, ọ bụ otu ihe ahụ ìgwè mmadụ, na onye akọ na uche na Jehova Cross. Ke adianade do, ozugbo ogbugbu nke ogige e-agaghị ekwe omume - mbụ Roman ike bụ ezi ihe, ma ọ na-ewe a otutu oge. Egbu Stivin kpere ekpere ndị gburu ya. Na-eli ozu na ya dara "oké iru-újú" (Ọrụ 8: 2).

Hungary

Nnukwu ụlọ ụka Senti (Cathedral) nke Saint Stephen Budapest ukpono dị ka isi temple nke mba ahụ, na-akpọ ndị senti na Hungarian - Istvan. Nke a bụ ihe ọzọ na senti, bụghị Protomartyr, ma eze na mba nchoputa. Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ibu ụka na Europe, na mgbịrịgba elu elu nke iri itoolu na isii mita. Wuru na neo-oge gboo style, nke bụ nnọọ ewu ewu na nke iri na itoolu na narị afọ. Nke a katidral - a doro anya atụ nke siri ike a na nkenke ochie. The mbụ atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ - Hild - gbakọọ bụghị ihe niile nri, na otu ụbọchị, mgbe ọtụtụ afọ mgbe ọnwụ ya, ndị dome dara. Correct njehie si ya nọchiri - miklós ybl. Ọ bụ ike inye a ebube ọdịdị nke temple ụfọdụ lightness na airiness, dị ka mgbịrịgba elu na dome etinye obi gị dum a obere eclectic.

M ga-asị na ọ gwara ndị na-ewu nke Eifel, otú imewe gosiri na ya pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi, ebe ọ bụ na mgbe ọ bụla ọzọ nke na-emezughị. Vienna St. Stephen Katidral nwere ike ịbụ mpako nke ndị dị otú a ọgaranya obi. N'ime nnukwu ụlọ ụka Senti bụ dara oké ọnụ: gilding, n'ilu ọlu, bụ ịma mma nke eserese, awụ amara na akwa ebube ebe ịchụàjà. Uko nke dome na-mma na a idaha nke e kere eke. On otu n'ime mgbịrịgba elu bụ ihe chọpụtara oche maka ọchịchọ ịmata ndị njem nleta na ndị nwere ike ịrị gburugburu steepụ na kwadebere ka umengwụ abụọ nchekwa ihe. Na nke abụọ na mgbịrịgba elu nke saịtị a bụ bụghị - na e nwere a mgbịrịgba erikpu itoolu tọn.

Czech Republic

Ma Czech St. Stephen Katidral (Litomerice, na Ústí mpaghara) raara Protomartyr. Nke a Kapitulna, katidral na parish ụka e wuru na ụkpụrụ ụlọ ịke nke Baroque. Ọ na-anọchi elu na Dome ugwu, nke a na-akpọ - Mount St. Stephen. Romanesque nnukwu ụlọ ụka Senti pụtara ebe azụ na 1157, mgbe ahụ, na iri na isii na narị afọ na ọ e wughachiri na Gothic style.

Na 1664 chọọchị e bibiri, na mgbe ahụ Italian Domenico Orsi na anọ afọ wuru otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị mma Baroque ụlọ ke Europe na free-guzo mgbịrịgba elu, ejikọrọ na isi ewu ihe arched akwa. The ngwa na katidral mejupụtara puku mmadụ anọ ọkpọkọ, o mere na Rococo style.

Germany

Bavarian katidral nke St. Stephen (Passau) dịkwa nnọọ mma: nsọ ogologo - 102 mita, obosara - 33, elu - 30 wuru na mbubreyo Gothic style na Baroque ọcha. Bavarians tụlee ya otu n'ime ndị isi na-adọrọ mmasị, na ama castles. Gothic na Baroque mkpụrụ obi dị ka ndị nkatọ na-asị, bụ ugbu ke interiors, ọ bụ ọ na-erughị ebube na meere okomoko. Nke atọ kasị ukwuu na ụwa na ndị kasị ibu ngwa, kwa, bụ ebe a na Europe. Ọ naanị nwere 5 akwụkwọ ntuziaka, 229 registers nta 18 puku ọkpọkọ. Isi-ọrụ, ọ na-ada ebe a kwa ụbọchị.

Na 720 afọ ya chọpụtara St. Stephen Episcopal Church, wuru na saịtị nke Ndị Kraịst oge mbụ na chọọchị nke St. Severin. Kwesịrị ịdị, ebe ọ bụ na Cathedral e wughachiri ọtụtụ ugboro - agha, ọkụ, na ọbụna oge ya onwe ya bụ eleghi anya na-enwe ike ime ka anyị a pristine ochie ụlọ. Na 1221, ọ malitere ihe fọrọ nke nta a na narị afọ iri na ụlọ ahụ na saịtị ahụ nke Katidral, na 1407th fọrọ nke nta abụọ na narị abụọ afọ nhazigharị - ke mbubreyo Gothic style. Ya mere, anyị wuru dum ọwụwa anyanwụ nke temple - na transept, ukwe, mụbara n'oge Gothic nave. Anyị na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ a nke art ọtụtụ architects, na okokụre Hans Glapsberger ná mmalite iri na isii na narị afọ. Ya mere, anyị na-ahụ na nke a bụ ugbu a na Bavarian St. Stephen Katidral.

Austria

Ka anyị laghachi ibu na nke kasị ama temple nke aha iji mee ka aka ịhazi ụfọdụ nke nkọwa. Ka ihe atụ, naanị ogologo nke ụlọ nke nave bụ hà 110 mita. Nnukwu, ọ bụghị ya? The elu nke riiji na gọta - 38 mita (na ọchịchọ nke ụlọ n'ebe ụfọdụ na kwụ 80 degrees) na-ebu ụlọ etiti di n'iru ọku osisi (2000 mita), ọ bụ ugbu a ka ígwè (ihe dị ka 600 tọn). Na mkpuchi onwe ya - 230.000 multicolored taịl na-kpuchie na onwunwu glaze. Ọ bụ n'ihi na ha na-etinye uwe nke ogwe aka ya na ogwe aka nke Austria Vienna.

Atọ nave nnukwu ụlọ ụka Senti-atụ aro na e kwesịrị atọ input portal, ma ọ bụghị. The Katidral nke St Stephen si n'ọnụ ụzọ, naanị otu - bụ Central portal, a na-akpọ Giant, ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ Gate Refeyim. N'oge na-ewu nke a nnukwu ọkpụkpụ (ọ e kpebiri na ọ bụ dragon nke mammoths n'oge enweghị echiche) na-atụ aro ndị dị otú ahụ aha. On ma n'akụkụ nke a ụzọ ámá ulo-ikwū-ekpere arụsị atọ-larịị ụlọ elu. Na-ekpere arụsị, ọ bụghị n'ihi na Middle Ages zutere ebe a ecumenism. Dị nnọọ marble na ndị ọzọ na nkume biiri si emebi Roman temple. N'elu ụlọ elu adahade Lancet window na Central facade dum portal e mere dabeere na Ikpe Ikpeazụ. Na tympanum - Christ na ndị mmụọ ozi, ekpe ma ziri ezi - ndịozi na ozioma Luke na Mark dị ka ndị àmà nke Ikpe Ikpeazụ. Na n'okpuru ha, ya bụ, n'elu isi nke ogidi, nke bụ na-ekpe - mmụọ ọjọọ na n'okpuru anyu-ike na eriri loops na chimeras. Na nri - ndị ọjọọ nke mmadụ. Sami eriri uzu banyere mkpụrụ vaịn - ihe nnọchianya nke udo.

Sculptural osise na ebe ịchụàjà

The sculptural osise na-egosi na Church Fathers: Saint Ambrose eto eto sanguine, choleric ochie Saint Jerome, Grigoriy Veliky tozuru okè phlegmatic na melancholic eto eto St. Augustine. All ịrị ngebichi na fences na ji achọ ihe ịchọ mma: atọ kwuru wiil na a nnọchianya nke Nsọ Atọ n'Ime Otu, inyefe elu, na anọ - aga, nke na-anọchi anya ihe niile n'ụwa - kara aka, na temperaments, afọ. Onwe Ha igwe ndobe - na mma ịchọ mma: a agwọ-eripịarịta ibe ha, toads na ngwere. E nwekwara a nkịta nke na-adịghị ka ihe ọjọ a nile na ikwuputa okwu Chukwu ebe onye nchụàjà ọkwọrọde.

Eleghị anya ole na ole ụlọ nsọ dị n'ụwa, ebe e nwere otú ọtụtụ ebe ịchụàjà, dị ka bụ St. Stephen Katidral (Vienna, Austria). Ha iri na asatọ, ma e wezụga ihe ndị na-na uka. Celebrities - elu (Central) na Wiener Noyshtadsky. Ikpeazụ - oke itunanya mara mma ụlọ - na Gothic ebe ịchụàjà na osise na osisi carvings - e guzobere 1447. Aha ya na-abịa site obodo nke ọ na e kere, na ebe ọ bụ na mbụ. Osisi ọkpụkpụ gilded ewepụtara ngosi ndụ nke Virgin Mary. Open ịchụàjà flaps bụ naanị ná mbilite n'ọnwụ. On mpụga n'akụkụ - ọnụ ọgụgụ nke 72 nsọ. Isi ebe ịchụàjà e kere site Tobias Pock, ụkpụrụ ụlọ aghọta ihe atụ na-egosi Baroque dee. On nku e sere ntụ ọka St. Stephen. Mere nke nwa marble ịchụàjà nke mbụ Vienna. Oyiyi nso ebe ịchụàjà - St. Florian na Leopold, nchebe nke obodo, na Saint Roch - n'echebe megide otiti, nke, kwa, nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-agwa St. Stephen Katidral.

catacombs

Na chọọchị mbụ na 1137 e odude na ókèala nke oge ochie na-eli ozu, ebe ndị mmadụ na e liri anya Roman ugboro. Catacombs, fọdụrụ n'okpuru temple, wee na-efe n'ihi na eli ozu, ma uka eli ozu malitere naanị na 1732, mgbe ahụ, n'ihi ihe-otiti Charles VI lie ndị mmadụ na omenala obodo mepere emepe ebe ili ozu amachibidoro. Ruo mgbe 1783, mgbe iwu nke Joseph II ala necropolis e mechiri, anyị nwere iji lie iri na otu puku ndị mmadụ na catacombs. Catacombs ndị a corridors na ili malitere na-akpọ naanị ma ọ bụrụ na ndị romanticism na nke iri na itoolu na narị afọ. N'otu oge ahụ, na-eme njem nleta malitere ileta St. Stephen Katidral. Photo ẹka ebe a na ebe nchekwa, ga-abụ a ndụ laghachi obi ụtọ.

Na catacombs - uka nke masterpieces, bụ a na-ewu ewu ebe ndị njem nleta njem. Ka ihe atụ, n'ili Friedrich III, ebe decorations bụ 240 iberibe. On a pedestal - mythical nnukwu anụ, skulls, ụmụ anụmanụ. Na mgbidi nke sarcophagus egosi niile ọrụ ọma ya n'oge ndụ. Mgbe n'elu - na ndị mọnk, ndị nchụàjà, ndị bishọp, niile monasteries nke ọ tọrọ ntọala, na-ekpe ekpere maka nzoputa nke mkpụrụ obi nke Frederick. The sarcophagus nke red marble echepụta na iwu na Ndị nwe iri atọ afọ ruo ọnwụ ya.