The ndụ okirikiri nke osisi: nkọwa, nzọụkwụ, atụmatụ na atụmatụ

The ndụ okirikiri nke osisi mejupụtara atọ nke soje nkebi:

• nucleation;
• development;
• amụba.

Ọ nwere ike ịdị mfe ma ọ bụ mgbagwoju. N'ihi ike chlorella, nke ba uba spores nlereanya dị mfe okirikiri. Emepe emepe a green algae na-aghọ a awụnye 4-8 autospores na-eto n'ime nne organism na-ekpuchiri ha shei. Ma n'etiti ndị ọzọ ọsọ osisi mgbagwoju mmepe okirikiri, nke ndị mejupụtara a mfe 2-3.

Atụmatụ ndị ahụ ndụ cycles nke osisi

Otu ihe dị mkpa ihe onwunwe nke ihe nile dị ndụ bụ inwe ike mụta nwa. Ozuzu usoro bụ:

• mmekọahụ (gametes);
• asexual (spores);
• Vegetative (ahu so).

The mgbagwoju cycles mmekọahụ amụba e nwere mgbe niile ọtụtụ iche iche n'ụzọ nke gametes na zygotes. Gamete - bụ mfri eke na haploid mmekọahụ cell (nkịtị) set of chromosomes. The zaigọtụ na a diploid (sọrọ) set kpụrụ njikọ nke mmadụ abụọ gametes. Site zaigọtụ amalite na sporophyte, nke na-amịpụta haploid spores. Of utọk - na gametophyte, nke na-eme ka nwoke na nwaanyị.

Dị ka ihe atụ, anyị nwere ike na-ravnosporovyh fern, nke bụ abụọ iche nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu - ya onwe ya fern (sporophyte) na zarostok (gametophyte). Zarostok - ọ bụ ụmụ nke ndị toworo eto fern. O nwere nnọọ mkpirikpi, ma ejisie imepụta otu krupnolistvennuyu mmadu. The ndụ okirikiri nke a osisi n'ihi na nke peculiarities nke mmeputakwa mejupụtara eri oké nri nke ọgbọ: si na onye toro eto fern na prothallia na n'elu ọzọ nke okenye fern.

ozuzu Ụzọ

Agụụ mmekọahụ reproduces kasị nke osisi. Mgbe nke a emee guzobe a ọhụrụ organism nke zaigọtụ mgbe njikọta na ijikọta gametes (syngamy). Parthenogenesis - amụba enweghị njikọta - nwekwara akọ a na usoro maka mmekọahụ: ahụ a kpụrụ si a nwa izogamety jikọrọ izogamety na spores. Mmekọahụ amụba na-fọrọ nke nta mgbe jikọtara ndị ọzọ ụzọ - vegetative ma ọ bụ asexual, ebe ya onwe ya e ji ala arụpụtaghị ihe.

N'otu oge ahụ usoro a na asexual mmeputakwa hụrụ na ferns, na na njikọ na vegetative nhọrọ - ụfọdụ algae. Na nkpuru osisi guzobere omumu mkpụrụ ndụ ewepụtara otu enyemaka nke zaigọtụ, dapụtara na usoro a bụ ihe dị ka a dịghị amụba, na amụba.

Mgbe asexual mmeputakwa kpụrụ zoospores - mkpụrụ ndụ na-enweghị cell mgbidi, nke na multicellular osisi na-nọ na pụrụ iche sporangia, na ofu mkpụrụ ndụ - aplanospory. Onwe ha nke ndị dị otú ahụ a na usoro nke amụba na-hụrụ na ọdịdị bụ nnọọ obere. Na-emekarị na ọ na-achọkwa na-enwe mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ vegetative.

Enwere 2 iche nke spores: mitospory na-ebilite na usoro nke asexual mmeputakwa, na meiospores - aa n'oge mmekọahụ. Mitospory apụta iji mitosis, dapụtara na a gbasirila ka a motherboard. Meiospores kpụrụ site meiosis n'oge Germination zaigọtụ ma ọ bụ sporangia. N'ihi na ọtụtụ osisi na-ji ma ụzọ nke mmeputakwa, nke na-nwetara site na abụọ dị iche iche nke ụmụ anụmanụ.

Vegetative mmeputakwa usoro

Na vegetative Mgbasa n'onwe bụ iche n'ime Akinetes - ewusiri mkpụrụ ndụ. Ọ na-n'ebe nne na-aba n'anya nke ụfọdụ n'ime ya akụkụ - na ụmụ ma ọ bụ akụrụ mkpụrụ ndụ. N'ụzọ dị otú a, ọtụtụ ụfọdụ ala na osisi, gụnyere Sargassum, aja aja na -acha uhie uhie algae. Vegetatively propagated ọbụna okooko osisi, dị ka duckweed. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha kpụrụ ụmụ buds, nke-ada n'ala na-agbanye mgbọrọgwụ e. akụrụ nwekwara alaka ụlọ ọrụ ma n'ebe nne osisi. Na angiosperms, ìgwè bụ nnọọ nkịtị na mmepe nke Ome si n'okpuru ala rhizomes.

nkesa nke osisi

Otu n'ime ihe ndị ikpeazụ nkebi nke mmeputakwa bụ nkesa nke osisi. Na ọdịdị nwere ike ịbụ 3 n'onwe mmezi: izizi spores na osisi. Na nnọọ obere okwu, ndị na-agbasa nwere ike ime site n'aka zygotes. More Linnaeus jikọrọ mkpụrụ spore gbasaa ruo cryptogams na phanerogams osisi. The abụọ ụdị bụ otu ìgwè nke gymnosperms na angiosperms, na mbụ - niile ọzọ dị iche iche, gụnyere algae, akpaetu na ferns.

osisi Mgbasa ụzọ bịa a ogologo evolutionary ụzọ si vegetative mmekọahụ ma asexual. Ugbu a nkewa nke spore osisi na nkpuru-adịghị jikọrọ ya na mgbasa, na na amụba. Mkpụrụ usoro ekenyela na a iche iche otu n'ihi na ọ na-atụle amụba compound spores na gametes. Mkpụrụ amụba na-agụnye ọtụtụ nkebi: guzobe zygotes, gametes, spores, embrayo na semen, nakwa dị ka resettlement nke osisi.

eri oké nri nke ọgbọ

Osisi ndụ n'ụdị abụọ dị iche iche ọgbọ pụrụ ibu aha dị iche iche: a mgbanwe nke ụdị, eri oké nri nke ọgbọ, wdg ntụgharị nnukwu fern na prothallia na ikpe nke ravnosporovyh ferns - bụ ihe atụ nke eri oké nri nke ọgbọ, akara ke n'ụzọ nke ịghọ okenye iche nke ụmụ anụmanụ ... Abụọ ndị a iche-iche bụ otú dị iche iche anya na-esi ike inweta otu osisi. Zarostok fern bụ nnọọ ike ịhụ na gba ọtọ anya. Na angiosperms analogue prothallia - nwa nwa, nke bụ nnọọ obere na-ezo ke ogbu nke ifuru. N'etiti ụfọdụ iche iche nke ndị a iche nke algae umu ndị yiri anya, ma dị nnọọ iche ndu e ji mara. Eri oké nri nke ọgbọ emee fọrọ nke nta niile dị elu osisi na evolutionary mmepe nke algae.

The ndụ cycles nke elu osisi

The ndụ okirikiri nke elu osisi, ma e wezụga n'ihi na bryophytes, ji na na gametophyte na-agụghị oké mepụtara, na usoro ndụ nke ọtụtụ ndị na-ewe sporophyte. Bryophytes osisi dị iche na na sporophyte amalite n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ngwa na bụ na-aga n'ihu nkwurịta okwu na gametophyte. Na ikpe nke leafy mosses ya anya ka a igbe na spores na-eto eto si n'elu nke gametophyte.

The ike nke elu osisi kpọpụtara sporophyte, nke bụ nnukwu na mgbagwoju multicellular ntule na ozu ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka epupụta, okporo na mgbọrọgwụ usoro. Ọtụtụ osisi na onye chere mgbe ọ na-ekwu nke horsetails, ferns ma ọ bụ ọzọ dị iche iche - sporophytes.

The ndụ cycles nke okooko osisi

The kasị elu na okwu nke evolushọn na-okooko osisi. The ndụ okirikiri nke okooko osisi e ji na na nwa bụ mgbe enwe ike ịzụlite site na n'enweghị akwa egg (apomixis). The kpagburuibe ụdị okooko bụ heterosporous sporophyte na-anọchite anya a osisi na epupụta na ị ga. Nwoke gametophyte na-anọchi anya ndị pollen ọka na nwanyi - ẹmbrayo nwa (ọ na-amalite ngwa ngwa karịa gymnosperms). Isi dị ka a mmekọahụ na asexual mmeputakwa bụ a gbanwetụrụ mgbapụ - a ifuru. The rudiments nke osisi na-echebe site na mgbidi nke ovary. The ndụ okirikiri nke osisi nke otu akwụsị mgbe njikọta na nkpuru guzobere, ẹmbrayo nke nwere a ọkọnọ nke nri na adịghị adabere na mpụga ihe.

The ndụ cycles nke gymnosperms na angiosperms

The otu na-agụnye ndị nnọchiteanya nke gymnosperms conifers na osisi. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere a gbanwetụrụ agịga-dị ka epupụta. gymnosperms ndụ okirikiri e ji eziokwu ahụ bụ na microspores (pollen) ii ke obere nwoke cones (anthers) na megaspory - na nwanyi (ovule). Site microspore Nleta a nwoke gametophyte, na nke megaspory - nwanyị. The ndụ okirikiri nke a osisi nke ìgwè ji na na njikọta spam emee site ifufe, nke na-enye pollen na ovule. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, n'ime ovule nwa-amalite ịzụlite, mkpụrụ ndị na-emepụta na ya. Ọ dabeere na nkpuru ọnụ ọgụgụ na undisguised. Mkpụrụ na-enye ọhụrụ sporophyte, site na nke na-etolite a ọhụrụ osisi.

The ndụ okirikiri nke angiosperms e ji na na otu a nwere a ifuru, nke spores ii na gametophytes njikọta na nkpuru development. The peculiarity nke otu a - na-echebe osisi, nke na-ezo n'ime mkpụrụ osisi na-echebe site na gburugburu ebe obibi mmetụta.

The ndụ okirikiri nke spore osisi

Spore osisi na-adịghị na oge ntoju, n'ihi na ha na-akpọ cryptogamic. Ha na-abịa na abụọ ige:

• elu (ferns, horsetails, mosses, club mosses);
• ala (algae, lichens).

The ndụ cycles nke osisi spore dabere na umu nwere ike ịga mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ asexually n'onwe. Ha apụghị mụta nwa mmekọahụ ụzọ na-enweghị òkè nke aquatic gburugburu ebe obibi. gametophyte na-eji maka mmekọahụ amụba, ma n'ihi asexual - sporophyte. E nwere ihe abụọ subgroups nke spore osisi: haploid na diploid. Na haploid subgroup agụnye mosses, ferns, horsetails na nke ọzọ mepere emepe gametophyte na sporophyte a kpụrụ dị ka prothallia. Haploid subgroup ji na na sporophyte bụ ebutere okwa ya.

Life cycles nke osisi: circuit

Mosses - nnọchiteanya nke a oge ochie umu nke elu osisi. Ha nwere nnọọ ot nkewa nke ahụ ahụ na azuokokoosisi ma doo kama mgbọrọgwụ - filamentous rhizoids. Ha na-eto na apịtị, iru mmiri ebe na nnọọ ikusi mmiri. Mụta nwa mmekọahụ, ndị sporophyte bụ dabere na gametophyte, spores na-guzobere na a pụrụ iche igbe, bụ nke dị na gametophyte na-ejikọta ya na ya.

Representatives ferns nwere nnukwu pinnate epupụta (sporangia mere ndokwa na ala n'akụkụ). The osisi nwere a akpọ mgbọrọgwụ usoro, na mpempe akwụkwọ bụ n'ezie a alaka usoro, nke a na-akpọ vayey ma ọ bụ predpobegom. The ndụ okirikiri nke osisi ferns otu mejupụtara abụọ n'ụzọ: mmekọahụ na asexual. The mmekọahụ na-adọ na-adị na òkè nke gametes na asexual - a esemokwu. Asexual ọgbọ-amalite na a diploid zaigọtụ, na mmekọahụ - a haploid spores. Ntụgharị nke ndị a n'ụzọ na isi akụkụ nke okirikiri.