Gịnị bụ lysosomes: Ọdịdị, mejupụtara na ọrụ nke lysosomes

Dị ka cell bụ ike "gbara" ndị bekee ịdaba cytoplasm? Azịza nwere ike enwetara site n'ịtụle ihe ndị lysosomes. Gịnị bụ ha mebere atumatu? N'ihi otú Njirimara ndị a organelles na-enwe ike ịrụ ọrụ ya?

Lysosomes. Akụkụ nke ihe owuwu ma na ọrụ

Lysosome - a organoid mkpụrụ ndụ banyere 0,2 microns na size, gbara ya gburugburu a akpụkpọ ahụ na nwere hydrolytic enzymes. Isi ọrụ nke ndị dị otú ahụ na-egosipụta bụ gbawara nke bekee ẹkenam n'ime cell site endocytosis, ma ọ bụ ha onwe ha na ụmụ irighiri ihe, na-adịkwaghị mkpa.

Gịnị bụ Ọdịdị nke lysosomes na plan?

Cleavage ma ọ bụ ihe ùgwù ya site hydrolases - enzymes ike nke na-arụ ọrụ na ihe acidic ọkara. Iji nọgide na a ala pH, na-agbakwunyere na lysosome akpụkpọ ahụ ATPase vacuolar-ụdị (V-ụdị). Specific Ọdịdị nke mgbagwoju na-enye ohere ka imipu megide a ịta grajentị nke hydrogen protons, si otú amụba ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ha na n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi organelles.

Hydrolase nwere ike na-arụ ọrụ na ihe acidic gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ na-arụ ihe dị mkpa na-echebe ọrụ, t. Iji. Na na cytoplasm nke cell na-ajụ bụ ihe fọrọ na-anọpụ iche. Ọ bụrụ na akpụkpọ lysosomes n'ụzọ ụfọdụ mebiri emebi, na enzymes nọ cytosol, ha ida ha nwere ike gbarie bekee na organelles.

Lysosome akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara a efere na micellar saịtị. The gaps n'etiti n'ígwé phospholipids na-jupụtara na mmiri. N'ime nke ebe akpụkpọ ahụ gbasasịa ọtụtụ pores nke na-na-jupụtara na mmiri nwere ike a ga-emechi site na polar ụmụ irighiri. Dị otú ahụ mgbagwoju akụkụ nke akpụkpọ ahụ usoro na mgbe ahụ na-enyere banye n'ime organelles na hydrophobic na hydrophilic ụmụ irighiri.

Olee otú na-etolite lysosomes

Ndi na-edozi na-mkpa na-ewu lysosomes na-ibido synthesized na EPR. Ọzọ, ha mkpa "mkpado" site attaching mannose fọduru. Nke a mannose fọduru bụ a kpọmkwem mgbaàmà maka Golgi ngwa: ndi na-edozi na-lekwasị ke otu ebe, mgbe ahụ na-synthesized mkpọ na lytic enzymes. Nke ahụ bụ ihe a lysosome na usoro ndu.

The internals nke lysosomes

Gịnị bụ lysosome na ihe ndị mejupụtara nke esịtidem na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ndị a organelles?

Inside lysosomes akwado acidic gburugburu ebe obibi, onye Onyenwe anyị + nke esịmde 4.5-5. N'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, enzymes nwere ike ịrụ ya cleavage ọrụ. Hydrolase - bụ nkịtị aha a na klas nke enzymes. Dị nnọọ lysosome nwere banyere 40 dị iche iche biologically ifịk ụmụ irighiri nke catalyze ya nnọọ kpọmkwem mmeghachi omume.

Dị ka akụkụ nke esịtidem ọdịnaya nke lysosome enzymes pụrụ ịchọta ndị na-esonụ:

• acid phosphatase - cleaves ogige nwere phosphate iche iche;
• nuclease - ebibi nucleic asịd ;
• protease - cleaves na-edozi;
• collagenase - ebibi ụmụ irighiri nke collagen;
• Lipase - cleaves esters ;
• Glycosidase - ngwangwa Jeremaya mere carbohydrate cleavage;
• asparaginase - cleaves aspartic acid;
• glutaminase - ebibi glutamic acid.

Dị nnọọ lysosomes nwere banyere 40 dị iche iche hydrolases. N'ihi ya, ajụjụ nke ihe bụ lysosome, na usoro ndu nwere ike zara: a ụlọ nkwakọba ihe nke enzymes.

ụdị lysosomes

Igbunye 4 ụdị lysosomes: isi na sekọndrị lysosomes, autophagic ọrụ na mmapụta mkpụrụ ndụ.

lysosomes Education - a mgbagwoju usoro, nke na-esonyere site n'ọrụ nke dị iche iche egosi ụmụ irighiri n'elu EPR na ọbara mgbali. Primary lysosome - a obere afụ, nke a na rapara si akpụkpọ ahụ nke Golgi ngwa.

Primary lysosome ibido dere dum mgbagwoju nke enzymes mkpa imebi ala macromolecules.

Secondary lysosome - a Ọdịdị, nnukwu olu. Ọ na-kpụrụ-asọkọta ọnụ bụ isi afụ bekee ejide site endocytosis, ma ọ bụ cell metabolism ngwaahịa na a ga-ewekarị nke.

autophagosome guzobere jikọtara ndị dị otú ahụ a usoro dị ka autophagy - absorption na "gbarie" iyuzucha na cell na organelles.

The nkezi oge nke mitochondria bụ 10 ụbọchị. Ozugbo organelle gaghị enwe ike ịrụ ya ọrụ, ọ ga-ewekarị nke. N'ihi nke a, a plurality nke isi lysosomes na mitochondria gbaagburugburu na-interconnected. N'ihi ya, kpụrụ autophagosome ibu n'ime nke na-amalite ekewa mitochondria n'ime monomers.

Gịnị bụ lysosomes n'ụdị mmapụta nwa ehi? Nke a ikpeazụ n'ókè nke ịrụ ọrụ nke ọ bụla lysosomes ebe enzymes mere ọrụ ha, na organelle ndị bekee nwere ike ghara ịga n'ihu gbawara. Undigested remnants na-nanị tụrụ nke onu.

Diseases metụtara na ọrịa nke lysosomes

Enzymes adịghị mgbe niile na-arụ ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị. Lysosomes gbawara ọrụ rụrụ naanị mgbe hydrolase anaghị nwere ụfọdụ n'ime ihe owuwu. Ya mere, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọrịa metụtara na lysosomes, dabeere na a malfunction nke enzyme.

Ndị a deviations na-akpọ nchekwa ọrịa. Nke a pụtara na ụkọ nke enzyme isi mkpụrụ nanị na-adịghị gbarie na lysosome, n'ihi ihe na-ewuli elu ma na-akpatara oghom mmetụta.

Sfingolipidoz, Tay-Sachs syndrome, Sendhoffa ọrịa, Niemann-ghota ọrịa, leukodystrophy - niile nke ọrịa ndị a na-metụtara a malfunction nke lysosomal enzyme ma ọ bụ ha zuru ezu enweghị. Ọtụtụ ọrịa ndị recessive ke uwa.