The platinum otu ọla: a nyochaa nke ndepụta, Njirimara na ngwa

Platinum otu ọla - bụ isii magburu oké ọnụ ahịa chemical ọcha nke na-juxtaposed na oge table. All bụ mgbanwe ọla nke ìgwè dị iche iche 5-6, 8-10 oge.

Platinum Group Ọla: List

The otu mejupụtara ndị na-esonụ isii chemical ọcha mere ndokwa na iji nke na-amụba atọm ibu:

• Ru - ruthenium.
• RH - rhodium.
• PD - palladium.
• Os - Os.
• Iye - iridium.
• Pt - platinum.

Platinum otu ọla nwere a ọlaọcha na-acha ọcha hue, na wezụga nke osmium, nke agba bụ bluish-acha ọcha. Ha chemical paradoxical omume na ha na-ukwuu na-eguzogide ọgwụ ka ọtụtụ reagents, ma na-eji dị ka akpali ma ọ bụ ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa ịchịkwa ọnụego ọxịdashọn, Mbelata na hydrogenation Jeremaya mere.

Ruthenium na osmium na-crystallized na hexagonal nso-juru n'ọnụ usoro, ebe ndị ọzọ nwere a ihu na-eche nanị cubic Ọdịdị. Nke a na-apụta ìhè nke ka uku ekweghị ekwe nke ruthenium na osmium.

History of chọpụtara

Ọ bụ ezie na platinum-gold arịa ikwu na 700 BC. e., nke ọnụnọ nke metal ọ bụ kama mberede karịa mgbe nile. Ndị Jesuit na XVI na narị afọ, e kwuru na ok isi awọ pebbles jikọtara alluvial gold ego. Na nkume ndị a na-apụghị gbazee, ma ha na-etolite ihe alloy na gold, ndị Bullion aghọ kenkuwa, na ọ gaghị ekwe omume ọcha. Nkume malitere ịkpọku platina del Pinto - pellets ọlaọcha ihe si Pinto River, a tributary nke osimiri San Juan na Colombia.

Achọkarị ịna platinum, nke a pụrụ inweta nanị mgbe a zuru ezu metal ihicha, e kpoputara site French physics Shaba na 1789. Site na ya e mere ka a cup, wetaara Pope Pius VI. On mmeghe nke palladium na 1802, kwuru na English mmiri ọgwụ William Wollaston, onye aha ya bụ chemical. platinum-otu metal mmewere mgbe asteroid. Wollaston ekemende kwuru na nchọpụta nke ọzọ umi ugbu a na platinum ore. Ọ na ọ kpọrọ rhodium n'ihi na pink agba nke metal salts. Emepe iridium (aha ya bụ mgbe chi nwaanyị nke egwurugwu Iris n'ihi variegated ya salts) na osmium (site na okwu Grik "isi" n'ihi na nke chlorine isi nke ya obodo oxide) e mere site British mmiri ọgwụ Smithson Tennant na 1803. French ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Hippolyte Victor Collet-Deskoti, Antoine-Fransua Furkrua, na Nicolas-Lui Voklen mata abụọ ọla n'out oge. Ruthenium, dịpụrụ adịpụ na kwuru na ndị ikpeazụ mmewere nwetara aha ya si Latin aha nke Russian na Russian mmiri ọgwụ Karl Karlovich Klaus na 1844.

N'adịghị ka ndị dị otú ahụ na-adị mfe iche na a dịtụ ọcha ala site mfe ọkụ nụchaa mmadụ dị otú ahụ dị ka ọlaedo, ọlaọcha na ọla nke platinum otu achọ mgbagwoju okenye chemical ọgwụgwọ. Ndị a ụzọ ndị adịghị ruo mgbe mbubreyo narị afọ nke 19, otú ahụ njirimara na mwepu nke platinum otu lagged n'azụ ọlaọcha na ọlaedo ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ. Ke adianade do, elu agbaze ebe ndị a ọla nanị ha were ruo mgbe na-eme nnyocha na Britain, France, Germany na Russia na-mepụtara ụzọ platinum akakabarede n'ime a n'ụdị kwesịrị ekwesị maka nhazi. Dị ka oké ọnụ ahịa ọla nke platinum otu malitere ga-eji na ọla ebe ọ bụ na 1900. Ọ bụ ezie na nke a were mkpa ka ndị bụ taa, ọtụtụ n'ime ya ulo oru karịrị. Palladium aghọwo a na-ewu ewu ihe n'ihi na kọntaktsị na ekwentị agba anọ na usoro na ndị ọzọ wireless nkwukọrịta, huu a ogologo ọrụ ndụ na elu pụrụ ịdabere, na platinum, n'ihi na nke ndị na-eguzogide ebua ozize, n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ malitere ga-eji na icheku ọkụ plọg ọgụ ugbo elu.

Mgbe agha molekụla ndọtị akakabarede ụzọ na mmanụ ala ejegharịrị kere nnukwu ina catalytic Njirimara nwere ọla si platinum otu. Site na 1970, na oriri amụbawo ọbụna karịa mgbe ụgbọ ala umu anwuru ụkpụrụ ndị dị na US na obodo ndị ọzọ emeela ka ihe ndị a ọgwụ na catalytic akakabarede nke iyuzucha, haruru.

ore

Ma e wezụga n'ihi obere alluvial ego nke platinum, palladium na osmiridium (ihe alloy nke iridium na osmium), ọ nweghị ore, nke ghọworo isi akụrụngwa chemical mmewere - a platinum otu metal. Mineral na-emekarị dị sulfide ores, karịsịa pentlandite (Ni, Fe) ₉ S _8. The kasị laurite rus _2, irarsite, (Iye, ru, RH, Pt) ịnyịnya ibu, osmiridium (Iye, Os), cooperite, (PtS) na Bragg (Pt, PD) S.

The kasị ibu n'ụwa ego nke platinum otu ọla - Bushveld mgbagwoju ke South Africa. Large ebuka nke ngwaọrụ na-lekwasị ke ego nke Sudbury na Canada na Norilsk-Talnakh na Siberia. Ke United States, ndị kasị ibu ego na nke platinum otu minerals na-dị na Stillwater, Montana, ma ebe a na ha bụ ndị dị nta karịa na South Africa na Russia. The kasị ibu n'ụwa platinum na-emepụta na-South Africa, Russia, Zimbabwe na Canada.

Mining na ejegharịrị

Isi South African na Canadian m ejikwara site Ngwuputa usoro. Fọrọ nke nta niile nke platinum otu ọla na-amịpụtara si ọla kọpa ma ọ nickel sulfide minerals iji flotation nkewa. -Agbaze uche na-arụpụta a ngwakọta nke na-asa nke ọla kọpa na nickel sulphides na autoclave. Leaching siri ike fọduru nwere si 15 ka 20% platinum otu ọla.

Mgbe ụfọdụ ruo flotation eji ike ndọda nkewa. N'ihi bụ a uche nwere 50% of platinum metal, nke eliminates mkpa nke n'oké.

n'ibu Njirimara

The platinum otu ọla ndị budata dị iche iche n'ibu Njirimara. Platinum na palladium bụ nnọọ nro na nnọọ nro. Ndị a ọla na ha alloys nwere ike na-agba ọsọ ma na-ekpo ọkụ na oyi na-atụ. Rhodium mbụ emeso ya na a na-ekpo ọkụ, na mgbe ahụ, ọ nwere ike na-emeso na oyi na-atụ pụtara ugboro ugboro annealing. Iridium na ruthenium ga-ewe iwe dị ọkụ, oyi na-arụ ọrụ, ha adịghị enye.

Osmium - siri ike na otu nwere kasị elu agbaze okpomọkụ, ma ọchịchọ ya iji ọxịdashọn eweta ya na-agaghị emeli. Iridium bụ ihe kasị corrosion na-eguzogide nke platinum ọla, rhodium na ekele maka ichebe ha Njirimara na elu okpomọkụ.

bughi ngwa

Ka ndị dị ọcha annealed platinum bụ nnọọ nro, ọ bụ susceptible ka scratches na emebi. Ntọt ya ekweghị ekwe na-gwakọtara ya a plurality nke ọzọ ọcha. Platinum ọla bụ nnọọ ewu ewu na Japan, bụ ebe ọ na-akpọ "Hackin" na "na-acha ọcha gold". Alloys maka ọla nwere 90% Pt na 10% PD, nke bụ mfe aka na soldering. Tụkwasị na nke ruthenium mma na ekweghị ekwe nke alloy, mgbe nọgide na-enwe ahụ ọxịdashọn eguzogide. The alloys nke platinum, palladium na ọla kọpa na-na-eji na esorowo ngwaahịa, ebe ọ bụ na ha bụ ike platinum-palladium na-erughị oké ọnụ.

Crucibles eji maka amị otu kristal na okporo ọkụ ụlọ ọrụ, na-achọ corrosion na-eguzogide ma kwụsie ike na okpomọkụ. N'ihi na nke a ngwa, ọ kasị mma ruru eru platinum, platinum-rhodium, na iridium. Platinum-rhodium alloy-eji na mmepụta nke thermocouples nke na-eji atụ okpomọkụ ruo 1800 Celsius C. Palladium na-eji ma dị ọcha ma ọ bụ na-akpakọrịta na ụdị ke eletriki ngwaọrụ (50% oriri), na eze na-alloys (30%). Rhodium, ruthenium na osmium na-adịkarịghị eji ya dị ọcha ụdị - ha-eje ozi dị dopant nke ọzọ platinum otu ọla.

akpali

About 42% nke platinum emepụta West, a na-eji dị ka mkpali. N'ime ndị a, 90% na-eji na ụgbọala iyuzucha usoro, agaghi asu refractory pellets ma ọ bụ honeycombs ntekwasa na platinum (na palladium, na rhodium) akwalite akakabarede nke unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide na nitrogen oxides n'ime mmiri, carbon dioxide na nitrogen.

An alloy nke platinum na 10% rhodium n'ụdị a red-ekpo ọkụ metal okporo eje ozi dị ka a mkpali na mmeghachi omume n'etiti amonia na ikuku na-emepụta nitrogen oxides na nitric acid. Mgbe udia nke amonia na methane ngwakọta nwere ike kwadebere hydrocyanic acid. Anụcha platinum n'elu nke alumina nsogbu dị iche iche na chernobyl bụ a mkpali maka na ntughari nke ogologo yinye branched ụmụ irighiri mmanụ isoparaffins na-chọrọ na a ngwakọta nke elu-octane mmanụ ụgbọala.

Electroplating

All platinum otu ọla nwere ike etinyere galvanically. N'ihi na nke ekweghị ekwe na gloss nke mkpuchi esiwak etinyere rhodium. Ọ bụ ezie na ya bara uru na tụnyere thicknesses elu karịa platinum ala njupụta enye ohere iji ihe na-erughị arọ nke ihe onwunwe.

Palladium - platinum otu metal, nke bụ mfe iji n'ihi na mkpuchi. N'ihi na ike nke ihe onwunwe na-abawanye nke ukwu. Ruthenium hụrụ ngwa ngwá zubere maka ọgwụgwọ nke esemokwu na ala nsogbu.

chemical ogige

Organic okụre nke platinum otu ọla dị ka alkilplatiny okụre eji dị akpali na polymerization nke olefins, na mmepụta nke polypropylene na polyethylene, nakwa dị ka ọxịdashọn nke ethylene ka acetaldehyde.

platinum salts na-eji na cancer na-anara ọgwụ. Ka ihe atụ, ha bụ akụkụ nke ọgwụ ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka "Carboplatin" na "Cisplatin". Ruthenium oxide ntekwasa electrodes na-eji na mmepụta nke chlorine na sodium chlorate. Rhodium sulfate na rhodium phosphate eji na electroplating baths.