The umi ke onwu - ihe bụ nke a? Njirimara nke bekee. klas nke bekee

The isi ajụjụ na kwesịrị ịmata azịza nwoke maka nghọta kwesịrị ekwesị nke na foto nke ụwa - na ndị dị otú a umi ke onwu. Echiche a kpụrụ ọbụna n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị afọ iri na-eduzi nwa-n'ihu mepụtara. Na-na-amụ nke onwu dị mkpa ịchọta na-ala na ọ na-adị kwa ụbọchị ozo, ọ na-enye ohere ka ị na-anya nke uche na dị ịkọwa ihe dị iche iche Filiks, nkọwa, Njirimara, wdg

N'ụzọ dị mwute, n'ihi na ndị na-abụghị ezigbo usoro nke agụmakwụkwọ, ọtụtụ ndị na-efu efu ụfọdụ isi isi. Echiche nke "umi ke onwu" - a ụdị nkume isi nkuku, na-adọ absorption nke a definition na-enye mmadụ nri mmalite na ụdi development na ubi nke eke sayensị.

guzobere echiche

Tupu na-akpụ akpụ na-echiche nke umi, ọ dị mkpa iji chọpụta ihe bụ isiokwu nke onwu. Ihe - bụ na ozugbo enyocha onwu nke ha nwekọrọ mgbanwe, Ọdịdị na Njirimara. Na izugbe nghọta umi - nke a bụ ihe kasị nke anụ ahụ nkịtị.

Ya mere, ihe bụ umi na onwu? Anyị ga-etolite a mkpebi siri ike site mgbanwe site n'ozuzu echiche nke a kpere chemical. The umi - bụ ụdị nke okwu, bụchaghị na-enwe a uka na ike ga-atụ. Nke a ji mara dị iche umi site ọzọ ụdị nke okwu - a na ubi nke nwere dịghị uka (electric, magnetik, ndu ubi, wdg). Okwu, na n'aka - na ọ bụ ihe si anyị kere na ihe niile gbara anyị gburugburu.

Ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ e ji mara okwu ahụ, ọ na-ekpebisi, site na nke ọ bụ kpọmkwem - ọ bụ na-ama isiokwu nke onwu. Bekee kpụrụ atọm na ụmụ irighiri (ụfọdụ ion), na pụtara ọ bụla umi esịnede ndị a usoro nkeji na a umi.

Dị Mfe na mgbagwoju anya

Mgbe ịmụta isi definition nwere ike gafee ya mgbagwoju. The bekee na-abịa dị iche iche na-etoju nke nzukọ, bụ ma dị mfe ma dị mgbagwoju (ma ọ bụ na njikọ) - nke a bụ akpa nkewa n'ime klas nke bekee, onwu nwere otutu ụdi nkewa, zuru ezu na ihe mgbagwoju. Nke a nhazi ọkwa, n'adịghị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ, nwere a nditịm kọwaa ókè, onye ọ bụla na njikọ nwere ike n'ụzọ doro anya ekewet onye nke umu ibe nanị.

Simple umi na Chemistry - a compound esịnede atọm nke naanị otu mmewere si oge table. A, nke a ọnụọgụ abụọ ụmụ irighiri, i.e. esịnede abụọ ahụ, ejikọrọ na covalent linkages nonpolar - guzobere general unshared elektrọn ụzọ. N'ihi ya, atọm nke otu chemical mmewere nwere otu electronegativity, ie, ikike ejigide n'ozuzu elektrọn njupụta, n'ihi ya, ọ na-adịghị abụchaghị eziokwu ọ bụla nke sonyere na nkwurịta okwu. Ihe Nlereanya nke mfe bekee (nonmetals) - hydrogen na oxygen, chlorine, ayodiin, fluorine, nitrogen, sọlfọ, wdg Ọ mejupụtara atọ atọm nke a molekul nke a umi dị ka ozone, na otu - niile magburu, haruru (argon, xenon, helium, wdg). Na ọla (magnesium, calcium, ọla kọpa, wdg) na e nwere ya ụdị njikọ - metal, rụrụ n'ihi na socialization nke free electrons n'ime metal na guzobere nke ụmụ irighiri dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ na-adịghị hụrụ. Mgbe isi ihe nke metal ndekọ nwere nnọọ a nnọchianya nke chemical mmewere enweghị ihe ọ bụla index dị iche iche.

Simple umi ke onwu, nke e nyere n'elu, ọ bụ dị iche iche si qualitative mejupụtara nke mgbagwoju. Chemicals atọm nke dị iche iche ihe na-guzobere abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa. Dị otú ahụ bekee nwere pola covalent ma ọ bụ ionic bonding ụdị. Ebe ọ bụ na dị iche iche ụmụ irighiri akụkụ dị iche iche electronegativity, mgbe ahụ, e guzobere n'ozuzu elektrọn ụzọ pụtara na ya mgbanwe n'ebe a ọzọ electronegative mmewere, nke na-eduga ná ngụkọta polarization nke molekul. Ionic ụdị - nke a bụ oké ikpe nke a pola, elektrọn ụzọ mgbe kpamkpam ghọrọ ka otu n'ime nkịtị sonyere, mgbe ahụ atọm (ma ọ bụ iche iche) na-converted n'ime ion. Clear ókè, e nwere n'etiti ndị a na ụdị, ionic nkekọ nwere ike tụgharịrị ka a pola covalent ukwuu. Ihe Nlereanya nke mgbagwoju ogige - mmiri, ájá, iko, salts, oxides, wdg

bekee mgbanwe

The bekee kwuru na dị ka mfe, n'ezie, ha a pụrụ iche mma na-abụghị nke pụta ụwa a mgbagwoju. Ụfọdụ ọcha nwere ike na-etolite ụdị ụfọdụ nke dị mfe umi. Akpata niile ka bụ otu mmewere, ma quantitative mejupụtara, Ọdịdị na Njirimara n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama dị iche dị otú ahụ formations. Nke a na atụmatụ a na-akpọ allotropes.

Oxygen, sọlfọ, carbon na ndị ọzọ ọcha nwere ọtụtụ allotropic mgbanwe. Oxygen - ọ bụ nke O ₂ O _3, carbon enye anọ na ụdị nke bekee - carbyne, diamond, graphite na fullerenes molekul bụ rhombic sọlfọ, monoclinic mgbanwe na plastic. Ndị dị otú ahụ a mfe na onwu, nke na-ejedebeghị na n'elu, ọ bụ nke paramount mkpa. Karịsịa, fullerenes eji na art ka Semiconductors, photoresists, nwekwara maka uto nke diamond fim na ndị ọzọ na nzube na na nkà mmụta ọgwụ bụ a dị ike antioxidant.

Gịnị na-eme umi?

Ọ bụla nke abụọ na-adị na na gburugburu mgbanwe nke bekee. Chemistry na-enyocha ma na-akọwa na Filiks na-aga na qualitative na / ma ọ bụ quantitative mgbanwe ndị mejupụtara nke omume ụmụ irighiri. Ke ukem, ibe ukar na n'ụzọ anụ ahụ mgbanwe nke na-ji a mgbanwe nke udi, agba, ihe onwunwe ma ọ bụ ala nke aggregation, na ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ e ji mara.

Chemical phenomena - bụ mmeghachi omume nke iche iche iche iche, n'ihi na ihe atụ, ogige nke nnọchi, inyerịta, mmụba, reversible, exothermic, redox, wdg, dabere na mgbanwe na oke mmasị. N'ihi na anụ ahụ phenomena na-agụnye: evaporation, odide, sublimation, mgbasa, oyi, eletriki conductivity, wdg Ha na-eso onye ọ bụla ọzọ, n'ihi na ihe atụ, site àmụmà n'oge oké ifufe - ọ bụ a na-ahụ usoro, na nhọrọ n'okpuru ya ozone - a chemical.

nkịtị Njirimara

The umi ke onwu - okwu a, nke bụ pụta ụwa ụfọdụ anụ ahụ Njirimara. N'iru ha, na-anọghị, ogo na ike nwere ike buru amụma, dị ka àkù-akpa àgwà dị iche iche na ọnọdụ na-kọwaa ụfọdụ n'ime chemical e ji mara nke ogige. Dị ka ihe atụ, elu esi okpomọkụ organic ogige, nke bụ hydrogen, na electronegative heteroatom (nitrogen, oxygen, wdg) na-egosi na umi-egosipụta chemical ụdị mmekọrịta dị otú ahụ dị ka hydrogen bonding. N'ihi ihe ọmụma nke ihe bekee nwere ihe kasị mma ike kụziere ọkụ eletrik, USB na waya njikota mere si ụfọdụ ọla.

chemical Njirimara

Establishment, nnyocha na-amụ Njirimara nke ọzọ n'akụkụ nke ọzọ ego igwe na-emekwa ụfọdụ na ọgwụ. Njirimara nke okwu si ya ele ihe anya - ọ bụ mmeghachi omume ha interoperability. Ụfọdụ bekee bụ ukwuu n'ọrụ, n'echiche a, ka ihe atụ, ọla ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla oxidants na ndị ọzọ magburu (inert) , haruru nke n'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ anaghị fọrọ-eme. Chemical Njirimara nwere ike rụọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ passivated ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-adịghị metụtara akpan akpan isi ike na nwere ike oge na ụfọdụ. Ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eji ọtụtụ awa na laabu, site nnwale, ọbọ ihe mgbaru ọsọ, na mgbe ụfọdụ adịghị eru ha. Site mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi kwa (okpomọkụ, nrụgide, wdg) ma ọ bụ site na iji pụrụ iche ogige - akpali ma ọ bụ inhibitors - pụrụ imetụta chemical Njirimara nke bekee, na Ya mere mmeghachi omume.

Nhazi ọkwa nke na

Ndabere nke niile classifications bụ nkewa n'ime organic na inorganic ogige. The isi organic mmewere - bụ carbon, ejikọta ọ bụla ọzọ na hydrogenic, carbon atọm etolite a hydrocarbon ọkpụkpụ na mgbe jupụta site ndị ọzọ atọm (oxygen, nitrogen, site, sọlfọ, halogens, ọla, na ndị ọzọ), na-emechi na cycles ma ọ bụ branched, na-egosi otú dịgasị iche iche nke organic ogige. Iji ụbọchị, sayensị maara nde 20 nke ndị dị otú bekee. Mgbe ịnweta ogige nanị ọkara a nde.

Onye ọ bụla na njikọ n'otu n'otu, ma e nwere ọtụtụ ndị yiri atụmatụ na ndị ọzọ na Njirimara, Ọdịdị na mejupụtara, na nke a, e nwere nkụzị na klas nke bekee. Chemistry nwere a elu larịị nke systematization na nzukọ, ọ bụ kpọmkwem sayensị.

inorganics

1. oxides - ọnụọgụ abụọ ogige na oxygen:

a) acid - site omume na mmiri nyere acid;

b) isi - na kọntaktị na mmiri na-enye a isi.

2. Acid - a umi esịnede otu ma ọ bụ karịa protons na hydrogen acid fọduru.

3. The bases (alkali) - iso nke otu ma ọ bụ karịa hydroxyl iche iche na a metal atọm:

a) amphoteric hydroxides - igosipụta Njirimara na asịd na bases.

4. salts - n'ihi na neutralization mmeghachi omume n'etiti acid na alkali (isi soluble), iso nke a metal atọm na otu ma ọ bụ karịa acid residues:

a) acid salts - bụ ihe anion fọduru nke ihe acid proton na mejupụtara, n'ihi nke na-ezughị ezu dissociation nke acid;

b) isi salts - jikọọ na metal hydroxyl otu, n'ihi nke na-ezughị ezu dissociation nke isi.

organic ogige

organics na a dịgasị iche iche nke klas nke bekee, dị a olu nke ozi siri ike ozugbo na-echeta. Ndị isi ihe bụ ịmata isi nkewa nke aliphatic na cyclic ogige, carbocyclic na heterocyclic, jupụta na unsaturated. Ọzọkwa, hydrocarbons nwere ọtụtụ nkwekọrịta nke a nnọchianya atọm nke nwụrụ na halogen, oxygen, nitrogen, na ndị ọzọ na-edebe oge, nakwa dị ka ọtọ iche iche.

The umi ke onwu - bụ ntọala suschestovanie. N'ihi na organic njikọ nke nwoke taa nwere nnukwu nọmba nke wuru ihe na-anọchi eke, nakwa dị ka enweghị atụ na e ji mara ya na ọdịdị.