The usoro nke benzene: nke nhọrọ bụ ziri ezi mkpoputa?

Aromatic hydrocarbons nwere a cyclic Ọdịdị. The mbụ nnọchiteanya nke usoro isiokwu a - benzene (C ₆ H _6). A usoro na-egosipụta Ọdịdị nke okwu, mbụ chọrọ na mmiri ọgwụ Kekule na 1865. Dị ka akụkọ nke ọkà mmụta sayensị, ọ na-ama ogologo nātughari ihe-omimi nke benzene. Otu abalị, ọ nwere a agwọ gāta ya aru ya ọdụ. N'ụtụtụ bughi usoro nke benzene esesịn a haziri. Ọ bụ a mgbanaka nke 6 carbon atọm. Atọ n'ime ha bụ ndị na abụọ nkekọ.

Ọdịdị nke benzene

Carbon na aromatic hydrocarbons Nleta a mgbe nile hegzagon. Mgbe ụfọdụ, mgbe Ndekọ nke Jeremaya mere, nke arụmarụ egosi ya elongated na vetikal direction. Otu a nke atọm nwere ihe pụrụ iche aha - na benzene mgbanaka. Nkwenye nke cyclic Ọdịdị nke benzene bụ ya nnata nke atọ ụmụ irighiri nke acetylene - unsaturated hydrocarbon-enwe a Mmaji nkekọ. Aromatic hydrocarbons nwekwara unsaturated na igosipụta ụfọdụ Njirimara njirimara alkenes. N'ihi nke a, na benzene mgbanaka site atọ dashes, na-agba ọsọ yiri ihu, rịba ama ọnụnọ nke a okpukpu abụọ nkekọ. Dị otú ahụ benzene usoro anaghị n'ụzọ zuru ezu na-egosi na steeti carbon atọm na molekul.

Benzene: A usoro na-egosipụta n'ezie Ọdịdị

Na eziokwu, njikọ dị n'etiti carbon na mgbaaka bụ Ẹkot ọ bụla ọzọ. Otu n'ime ha, ọ bụ ekwe omume igbunye otu na abụọ. Ndị dị otú ahụ a mma a kọwara site na elektrọn Ọdịdị nke benzene, agaghi asu carbon ntọala bụ na sp ² -gibridizovannom ala jikọọ ya agbata obi na mgbanaka, na atọ ot hydrogen otu agbụ. Ke idaha a hegzagon, nke bụ na otu ụgbọelu 6 carbon atọm na 6 - hydrogen. Naanị elektrọn n'ígwé ojii Fourth nke p-electrons ndị na-emetụtaghị na hybridization, mere ndokwa dị iche iche. Ha udi yiri a dumbbell, etiti dara na mgbanaka ụgbọelu. A thickened akụkụ bụ na elu na ala. Na nke a, na benzene ntọala na n'okpuru e nwere abụọ elektrọn densities okosobode ke p-overlapping elektrọn n'ígwé ojii. E nwere a n'ozuzu chemical nkekọ na-a carbon na mgbanaka.

Njirimara nke benzene mgbanaka

N'ihi na ngụkọta elektrọn njupụta ebelata anya n'etiti carbon na mgbanaka. Ha na-hà 0,14 nm. Ọ bụrụ na benzene ntọala adị otu na abụọ agbụ, ọ ga-abụ abụọ jikoro: 0,134 na 0,154 nm. The ezi Ọdịdị nke benzene usoro ga-adịghị nwere otu na abụọ agbụ. Ya mere, aromatic hydrocarbons na-ezo unsaturated organic ogige naanị chie. Site mejupụtara ha yiri alkenes, ma nwere ike itinye aka na a nnọchi mmeghachi omume, nke bụ ihe e ji mara nke jupụta hydrocarbons. Aromatic benzene ntọala nwere bukwanu kwụsie ike ka oxidants. All atụmatụ ndị a ka anyị na-atụle mgbanaka a pụrụ iche ụdị nkwurịta okwu na - bụghị a abụọ na otu.

Olee otú na-egosi na benzene usoro?

Ziri ezi usoro bụ a benzene atọ abụọ nkekọ dị ka Kekule, ma n'ụdị a hegzagon na a gburugburu n'ime. Ọ na-anọchi anya ndị nkịtị njirimara 6 electrons.

Ọ na-egosi na Ọdịdị nke symmetry na Njirimara nke umi. na benzene mgbanaka bụ ufọk ufene, nwere ịrịba ike njikọ. Njirimara nke mbụ nnọchiteanya nke aromatic hydrocarbons ime ya homologues. Onye ọ bụla n'ime ha nwere ike na-anọchi anya dị ka a emepụta nke hydrogen nnọchi na dị iche iche hydrocarbon radicals.