Tungsten - ihe bụ nke a? Ogo ọxịdashọn nke tungsten. Ebe nke ngwa nke tungsten

Tungsten - chemical mmewere onye ọnụọgụ nzùrùòkè bụ hà 74. Nke a arọ metal si, nke elu ike ígwè-agba ntụ na-acha ọcha, nke na-eme ka ọ dị mfe na ọtụtụ mgbe oké mkpa. -Agbaze mgbe ọ ka dị elu karịa nke ọ bụla ọzọ metal, ya mere ọ na-eji dị ka filaments na filament oriọna na kpo oku ọcha na electric ite-ọku uku (e.g., zirconium-tungsten alloy). Chemistry mmewere na-enye ohere na ya iji dị ka a mkpali. Oke ekweghị ekwe-eme ka ọ adabara maka "HSS", nke na-enye ohere bee ihe na a elu ọsọ karịa carbon ígwè, na superalloys. Tungsten carbide mmewere na carbon compound bụ otu n'ime ihe kacha siere bekee mara ma na-eji maka mmepụta nke egwe ọka ma na-atụgharị ngwaọrụ. Tungstates nke calcium na magnesium na-ọtụtụ-eji fluorescent oriọna nile, na tungsten oxides - n'ime ink na seramiiki glazes.

History of chọpụtara

Ọtụtụ ndị chere nke ịdị adị nke a mmewere e mbụ na-atụ aro na 1779 site Peter Wolf, mgbe ọ na-enyoba ịnweta wolframite na kwubiri na ọ ga-ebu a ọhụrụ umi. Na 1781 Carl Wilhelm Scheele chọpụta na a ọhụrụ acid pụrụ inweta site tungstenita. Thorburn Scheele na Bergman aro tụlee na-ọhụrụ metal site Mbelata nke acid, na-akpọ tungstenovoy. Na 1783, bụ ụmụnne abụọ, Jose na Fausto Elguyar hụrụ na tungsten acid, nke bụ yiri ka tungstenovoy. N'otu afọ ụmụnna ịga nke ọma na-akpa iche tungsten na ya, iji unyi.

N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, a chemical mmewere keere a nnukwu ọrụ. metal iguzogide okpomọkụ, na oké ike tungsten alloys mere mkpa akụrụngwa n'ihi ndị agha ụlọ ọrụ. Agha ọzọ rụgidere Portugal dị ka isi iyi nke wolframite na Europe.

N'ịbụ agwa

The mmewere emee na ọdịdị wolframite (FeWO ₄ / MnWO _4), scheelite (CaWO _4), na Ferber Gyubnera. Mkpa ego ndị a mineral na-dị na United States na California na Colorado, Bolivia, China, South Korea, Russia na Portugal. China esetịpụ banyere 75% nke zuru ụwa ọnụ na mmepụta nke tungsten. Metal na-enwetara site na mbenata ihe oxide na hydrogen ma ọ bụ carbon.

World mee na-eme atụmatụ na 7 nde tọn na-atụ anya na 30% nke ha -. Wolframite ego na 70% - scheelite. N'oge a, ha na mmepe bụ bụghị akụ na ụba uru. Ugbu a oriri na-etoju ndị a mee ga-adịru naanị afọ 140. Ọzọ iyi bara uru nke tungsten bụ scrap metal.

Key Atụmatụ

Tungsten - mmewere, nke a na nkewa dị ka a mgbanwe metal. Ya akara W na-ewepụtara Latin okwu wolframium. Na oge table, ọ bụ na ndị VI otu n'etiti tantalum na rhenium.

Pure tungsten - a siri ike ihe onwunwe, onye na agba dịgasị si ígwè-agba ntụ na-acha ọcha tin. Na aka nke metal na-aghọ kenkuwa ma na ike na-arụ ọrụ na ya, ma ọ bụrụ na ha emeghị otú ahụ, ọ ga-ebipụ ya na a hacksaw. Ke adianade do, ọ ga-esorowo, akpọrepu na kupụtara.

Tungsten - chemical mmewere, agbaze ebe nke bụ kasị elu n'etiti niile metal (3422 ° C). Ọzọkwa ya nwere kasị ala Alụlụụ nsogbu. Ike ọdụdọ na T> 1650 ° C na ọ bụkwa ndị kasị ibu. The mmewere bụ ukwuu eguzogide corrosion na bụ ubé susceptible ịnweta asịd. N'elu na kọntaktị na ikuku na metal n'elu a na-echebe oxide oyi akwa a kpụrụ, ma kpamkpam oxidized tungsten na elu okpomọkụ. Mgbe kwukwara obere obere nchara ya ekweghị ekwe enwekwu sharply.

isotopes

Na ọdịdị tungsten mejupụtara ise radioisotopes, ma ha nwere ndị dị otú a ogologo ọkara ndụ, na ha nwere ike na-ewere ike. All nke ha na-ada na hafnium-72 na emission nke Alfa ahụ (helium nuclei kwekọrọ ekwekọ-4). Alpha ire ere a hụrụ na naanị ¹⁸⁰ W, ndị kacha na ọtụtụ obere ndị a isotopes. On nkezi, 1 g nke eke tungsten kwa afọ ime abụọ Alfa ire ere nke ¹⁸⁰ W.

Ọzọkwa, 27 kọwara tungsten wuru redioaktivu isotopes. The kasị anụ nke ha bụ ¹⁸¹ W na a ọkara ndụ nke 121,2 ụbọchị, ¹⁸⁵ W (75,1 ụbọchị), ¹⁸⁸ W (69,4 ụbọchị) na ¹⁷⁸ W (21,6 ụbọchị). All ọzọ wuru isotopes nke ọkara ndụ bụghị ihe karịrị otu ụbọchị, na ọtụtụ n'ime ha - dịkarịa ala 8 nkeji. Tungsten nwekwara nwere anọ "metastable" ala, ndị kasị ufọk ufene - ^179m W (6,4 min).

njikọ

The chemical ogige nke tungsten ọxịdashọn nọmba mgbanwe site 2 to 6, nke ọtụtụ nkịtị bụ isii. The mmewere a na-abịa n'ime kọntaktị na oxygen, akpụ odo trioxide (eziga _3), nke bụ soluble na okenye alkaline ngwọta n'ụdị ion, tungstate (eziga ₄ ^2-).

ngwa

Ebe ọ bụ na tungsten nwere nnọọ elu agbaze okpomọkụ na ductile (ike mmasị n'ime waya), ya n'ọtụtụ ebe eji dị ka a filament bulbs na agụụ akpa nakwa na kpo oku ọcha nke electric furnaces. Ke adianade do, ihe nwere ike idi oké ọnọdụ. Onye nke ya mara ngwa - aak ịgbado ọkụ na tungsten electrode n'okpuru nchebe gas.

Oké ike tungsten - ezigbo akụrụngwa arọ ngwá agha alloys. The elu njupụta na-eji na-erikpu nsogbu, counterweights na ụgbọ dị arọ keels maka yachts, nakwa dị ka ube agha (80-97%). Elu na-agba ígwè, nke nwere ike bee ihe na elu gbapụrụ ọsọ karịa carbon, nwere ruo 18% nke umi. The tobaim pupụtara, eyi na-eguzogide akụkụ na coatings eji "superalloys" nwere tungsten. Nke a okpomọkụ na-eguzogide ikpuchi alloys na-arụ ọrụ na elu okpomọkụ.

Kwes mmụba nke chemical mmewere dị ka borosilicate iko, n'ihi ya, ọ na-eji maka imewe nke iko-na-metal akara. Composites nwere tungsten - a oké dochie anya ụzọ mgbọ na ogbugba. Na alloys nke nickel, ígwè ma ọ bụ cobalt, e mere ya shells percussion. Dị ka a bullet kụrụ a lekwasịrị iji ya kinetic ike. Na integrated na sekit na sekit nke tungsten compound mee transistors. Ụfọdụ ụdị nke ndido urụk maka ngwá egwú mere nke tungsten waya.

The ojiji nke ogige

The ahụkebe ekweghị ekwe nke tungsten carbide (W ₂ C, WC)-eme ka ọ na ọtụtụ nkịtị ihe n'ihi na egwe ọka ma na-atụgharị ngwaọrụ. Ọ na-eji na nkà mmụta banyere ígwè, Ngwuputa, mmanụ ala na-ewu ụlọ ọrụ. Tungsten carbide a na-eji na-eke ọla ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ hypoallergenic na anaghị agbasaghị ida ha luster.

Si ya oxides ka icing. Tungsten "ọla" (na-akpọ n'ihi na nke agba oxides) na-eji ágbá. tungstates nke calcium na magnesium eji na fluorescent oriọna. Tungstate crystal scintillation detector na-eji na nuclear na nkà mmụta ọgwụ na physics. The salts na-eji na chemical ụlọ ọrụ na akpụkpọ anụ ụlọ ọrụ. Tungsten disulfide bụ a elu okpomọkụ mmanu, nwere ike idi 500 Celsius C. Ụfọdụ n'ime ogige nwere tungsten, na-eji dị ka akpali na onwu.

Njirimara

Ihe bụ isi ahụ Njirimara nke W dị ka ndị a:

• The ọnụọgụ nzùrùòkè nke 74.
• Atomic ibu: 183,85.
• Agbaze uche: 3410 Celsius C.
• Esi ebe: 5660 Celsius C.
• Arọ: 19,3 g / cm ³ na 20 Celsius C.
• ọxịdashọn steeti +2, +3, +4, +5, +6.
• Kọmputa nhazi: [Xe] 4 d f ^{May 14 June 4} s ^2.