World cheesi mmeri - eze ndị cheesi ụwa

Ọtụtụ mara na sports iwe organism na-akụzi na-gbasiri, obi ike na iru ihe mgbaru ọsọ. Otú ọ dị, nke a dị anya n'ebe niile. Sport-enyekwara ịkpọlite ndị larịị nke ọgụgụ isi development. Ihe nlereanya magburu onwe bụ cheesi. Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-ezo aka na egwuregwu a dị ka ntụrụndụ na otu n'ime ụzọ ruo oge. Ọ bụrụ na ị banye n'ime miri, anyị pụrụ ịhụ na cheesi bụ nnọọ haziri ahazi na-ewu ewu egwuregwu. Ọ nwere ya hierarchy, ọtụtụ dị iche iche na òtù ndị na-eduzi dị iche iche tournaments na asọmpi. The naanị ihe dị iche ndị ọzọ na cheesi ifịk umu bụ eziokwu na Olympic Games ndepụta, ha na-abụghị. Ọ bụ ezie na nke a ụdị ụgwọ omission e. Ya mere, ọ bụla afọ abụọ na ụwa Olimpik ẹkenịmde, nke na-adọta bụghị naanị cheesi akaebe n'etiti ndị inyom na ndị ikom, kamakwa beginners na-achọ na-egosi ha elekarị

The si malite egwuregwu: Indian chaturanga

E nwere a akụkọ dị ka nke egwuregwu a na-eguzosi ike ná ndụ nke mmadụ. Otu mgbe na India, a Brahmin (oku) kere Chaturanga - ntụrụndụ, nke bụ a osisi na n'ámá nke nwetụ agba. Ndị a na mkpụrụ ndụ gosipụtawo ọgụgụ. Nke a egwuregwu a mere maka gwụ na n'obí eze - na Raja. The mepụtara bụ otú obi ụtọ na onye nke na-achị na award ọ gwara Brahmin họrọ ihe ọ bụla ọ chọrọ. Onye nchụàjà jụrụ egwu ọka. Ma ndị dị otú a n'ụzọ na mbụ cell na-ibido a na-etinye otu ọka. The abụọ cell abụọ, a atọ dị mkpa na-etinye anọ mkpụrụ na na. Ọ mesịrị pụta na ọka na alaeze bụ ezughị, iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka a magburu onwe ya onyinye Brahmin. Nke nta nke nta, na egwuregwu a na gbanwetụrụ ubé. Isi ihe dị iche site na cheesi Chaturanga bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke egwuregwu. Ọ bụrụ na abụọ egwuregwu, oge ochie game-enye gị ohere ikpokọta abụọ ụzọ abụọ nke ndị mmadụ na-ekere òkè oge a na iche. Nzọụkwụ na Chaturanga kpebisiri ike site na-atụba ludo.

management ụlọ ọrụ

Nke nta nke nta na egwuregwu na-agbasa gafee n'ụwa. Ọ bụ ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama na ma okpukpe ma ọ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị obodo nwere ihe ọ bụla megide a ntụrụndụ. Ugbu a, ndị isi nzukọ na-eme dị iche iche tournaments bụ International Chess Federation, FIDE abbreviated. Ọ e tọrọ ntọala na iri abụọ nke iri na abụọ na narị afọ. Ná ngwụsị nke na puku afọ abụọ, ndị ụwa cheesi mmeri Garry Kasparov kere PCA - Professional Chess Association, nke kere naanị afọ atọ. Otú ọ dị, ndị dị otú ahụ a obere oge o jisiri "ịmụta" a ọtụtụ ike na-eme egwuregwu. World cheesi mmeri, zụọ ha na-egosi gị nka na PCA, a na-ewere a "onye mmeri nke kpochapụwo egwuregwu."

Young talent si Norway

Ọ bụ ezie na na-ewere a egwuregwu nwere a ogologo oge nke mmepe, na mba tournaments e ẹkenịmde ke ọ na nso nso. The agha ikpeazụ maka cheesi okpueze ẹkenịmde a ọnwa ole na ole gara aga. The ndorondoro, nke e nwere na Chennai, India, gosiri na-ege ntị a pụtara N'ihi. N'ihi na oge mbụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke n'asọmpi merie ndị dị otú ahụ a obere. Iri abụọ na abụọ Norwegian Magnus Carlsen e ọdịda nke aha "World Chess onye mmeri." Na a mma agha a na-eto eto grandmaster merie ndị Indian nwe Vishvanatana Ananda. Na nnọọ iri egwuregwu ndorondoro biri na ihu ọma nke ndị na-eto eto grandmaster. Taa, n'ụwa ugbu a cheesi mmeri site Norway n'elu ndepụta nke kasị pụta ìhè egwuregwu nke ụwa. Nke a ogo abụọ mgbe Magnus Carlsen Levon Aronian bụ. Emechi atọ ndi-isi we si Russia si Vladimir Kramnik. E wezụga oké njọ omume ntụrụndụ Chess, Magnus Carlsen pụtara onwe ke ịme ngosi uwe azụmahịa. Ya photos mgbe achọ cover nke na-ewu ewu magazine GQ.

Back home egwuregwu

Kpụrụ ụwa cheesi mmeri, a mụrụ na India. Aha ya - Viswanathan Anand. Ọ ndibọhọ aha nke kasị mma ọkpụkpọ na ụwa na 2007. A mụrụ grandmaster na steeti Madras na 1969. The mbụ nkụzi bụ nne ya Indian. Ọ na-akụzi ga-eme n'ọdịnihu nke ama onye nwe nkà ka "ute". Viswanathan anya ịghọ ndị kasị mma ọkpụkpọ na India. Ebe ọ bụ na 1993, Anand ọma atụ ke iche iche tournaments nke ụwa n'asọmpi. Aha nke "World Chess onye mmeri" Hindu na-akawanye na 2007, na-eti Vladimir Kramnik. A afọ mgbe e mesịrị, Viswanathan Anand-egosi ya na aha ọma n'iguzogide Bonn. Na 2013, ndị Indian biarue ebe-eto eto na Norwegian.

Ezigbo Soviet nwe

Vladimir Kramnik otu maara dị ka iri na anọ ụwa cheesi mmeri. N'obodo bụ a nkà grandmaster Tuapse. E na Vladimir mụrụ na 1975. Kramnik bụ otu n'ime ndị na ebube, na nganga bụ aha nke mmeri nke "oge gboo cheesi" dị ka Professional Chess Association. Ke adianade do, Vladimir Borisovich na-ọma kwesịrị Russian nna ukwu nke egwuregwu na a ụdị.

Na 1991, Kramnik e nyere aha nke International Grandmaster. Ka a ghọta na ya kasị mma bụ isiokwu nke n'ụwa onye mmeri n'etiti Juniors. Vladimir bụghị nanị brilliantly na-anọchi anya Russia na mba asọmpi na mba otu.

The mbụ ịrịba mmeri Kramnik bụ a mmeri na 2000. Ọ na-ama ahụ na London, na Russian na-etinye a "ma ọ bụ nwunye" ya compatriot, gara aga n'ụwa onye mmeri Garry Kasparov. Mgbe afọ anọ gasịrị, Vladimir zutere na cheesi osisi na Peter Leko. Mgbe ogologo mgba ndị Russia gbachiteere ya elu n'usoro. Na 2006 Kramnik jikọtara dị ka PCA ụwa aha na otu aha site FIDE, na-emeri na a ịdị n'otu egwuregwu Veselina Topalova. A afọ mgbe e mesịrị na ọ na-aga elu n'usoro nke ndị obodo ahụ nke India - Viswanathan Anand.

Iri na atọ World onye mmeri

Ọzọ pụtara maara nke ọma na ọnụ ọgụgụ na ụwa nke cheesi bụ Garry Kasparov. Grandmaster mụrụ ke 1963. A afọ Baku mbụ mụụrụ aha Weinstein. N'ihi na oge mbụ a cheesi osisi nna ya kụrụ. Harry bụ mgbe afọ ise. Na 1976, e nwere ụzọ dị ịrịba ama nke mere ná ndụ nke nwa na-enweghị, na ọ ghọrọ dike nke USSR Chess Championship. Mgbe afọ abụọ gachara Kasparov brilliantly mmeri na ndorondoro, "Sokolsky Memorial", nke e nwere na Minsk. Site na nke a omume, Harry e ọdịda aha nke nna ukwu nke Sports.

Na 1980, Kasparov gụsịrị akwụkwọ na a nrite ọlaedo. Otu afọ e akara ọzọ dị mkpa mere eme a na-eto eto ná ndụ mmadụ. Na Dortmund, ọ e ọdịda aha n'ụwa onye mmeri n'etiti Juniors. N'oge ahụ, Kasparov bụ ọdụdụ nwa grandmaster na ụwa.

Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ na-eto eto talent na-aghọ dike nke USSR. The mbụ mmepụta nke GM okenye sports ada itie ke 1984. Ya onye iro bụ Anatoly Karpov. Play a egwuregwu nke ụwa cheesi dike a ndekọ na oge. The egwuregwu dịruru ọtụtụ ọnwa, si September 1984 na February 1985. The ndorondoro e merie Karpov. The ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ nke abụọ nka ẹkenịmde ke September 1985. The ebe mgbakọ nke mpi bụ Moscow. Ọ bụ ebe a, na kwuru na ọ bụ 13 ụwa cheesi mmeri. Ha ghọrọ Garry Kasparov, na-eti gara aga "King nke osisi na pawn" na a akara nke 13:11. Ruo mgbe mmalite nke iri abụọ na narị afọ, a nkà grandmaster egosiwo ugboro ugboro ya ikike inwe a elu n'usoro mbụ na FIDE version, na mgbe ahụ dị ka PCA. Afọ iri na ise mgbe ahụ dị oké mkpa ihe ndị mere Russian nwe ndorondoro na ọ kwụsịrị iji ya compatriot Vladimir Kramnik. Ntem, aha nke n'ụwa onye mmeri na-efu.

ọkọnọ na aha

Anatoly Karpov bụ nke iri na abụọ ụwa cheesi mmeri. Mụrụ na Russian obodo nke Zlatoust, a mụrụ ya na 1951. Site nna ya Karpov na afọ nke afọ ise, mbụ mụtara banyere ụwa nke cheesi. Na iri na anọ, Anatoly ghọrọ a nna ukwu nke egwuregwu na a ụdị. Ihe na-akpali eziokwu nke na-anata aha n'ụwa onye mmeri Karpov. Inwe-enweta-arụpụta ezigbo ihe keobere ọkụ, na-eto eto na talent ka nwetara mba ndorondoro. Ya onye iro ga-abụ Robert Dzheyms Fisher. Otú ọ dị, obere oge tupu mmalite nke egwuregwu na American jụrụ ikere. N'ihi ya, nke iri na abụọ n'ụwa onye mmeri Anatoly Karpov natara na aha. Ụdi afọ, GM egosila na o kwesịrị na-eyi aha dapụtara elu. Chess player nnọọ ihe ịga nke ọma rụrụ na dị iche iche asọmpi. N'ihi mmeri ya na Milan na 1975. Ịgbaso Italian mmeri sochiri ọ na-erughị nnukwu ọganihu Manila, Rovinj-Zagreb na obodo ndị ọzọ. Karpov ugboro atọ mmeri nke USSR. Grandmaster nwekwara esetịpụ ụwa ndekọ n'ihi na ọtụtụ Enwee Mmeri. N'oge dum ịdị adị nke egwuregwu dịghị onye nwere ike iji nweta ndị dị otú ahụ na-arụpụta, bụ nke ruru Anatoly Karpov.

American Bobby

Robert Dzheyms Fisher - ụwa mbụ cheesi mmeri si United States. ọ na-mara dị ka Bobby ụwa obodo. The magazine "Chess Ozi" aha ya ndị kasị mma ọkpụkpọ na American iri abụọ na narị afọ. Onyinye ebre cheesi ya meghere a nwaanyị. Bobby ifịk ifịk na-emepe emepe nkà ha, na mgbe ha dị afọ iri na atọ o meriri US aha ke cheesi eto eto. A afọ mgbe e mesịrị, ọ kpọlitere ya ọnọdụ na okenye egwuregwu, na-aghọ nke ọdụdụ na-eme egwuregwu na-enweta ebu ihe ịga nke ọma dị otú ahụ a-eto eto afọ. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, Fischer ghọrọ a grandmaster, na-ahapụ n'azụ maka n'ihi Borisa Spasskogo, natara aha na iri na asa. Na otu ebe na mbụ cheesi player Bobby World ndorondoro. Na 1972, Fischer ewepụta "ute" nke Soviet-French grandmaster ọkọbọ aha.

Nke-iri-eto eto nke na ụwa egwuregwu

Boris Spassky mụrụ na 1937 na Leningrad. M mụtara na-egwu Chess na afọ nke afọ ise. Na fifties nke iri abụọ na narị afọ Boris maka oge mbụ, so na-ikpeazụ nke egwuregwu nke USSR na na mgbukepụ enweta nkwanye. N'otu afọ, Spassky e ọdịda aha nke International Grandmaster. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri atọ na abụọ na afọ, ọ malitere ụwa cheesi mmeri site n'imeri Tigran Petrosian. A afọ ole na ole mgbe e mesịrị Site n'ibu elu n'usoro American Bobby Fischer.

Soviet grandmasters

Tigran Petrosian mụrụ na 1929 na Tbilisi. Mbụ na nke mba grandmaster cheesi Soviet natara na 1952. Mgbe a mgbe ọ na-aghọ a kwesịrị ukwu nke Sports nke Soviet Union. Site na-emeri ndị Oghere mmeri ndorondoro na 1962, Tigran aga zuru ụwa ọnụ. N'ebe ahụ, ọ na ndibọhọ ụwa aha, nke diri tupu ya compatriot Mikhail Botvinnik. Mgbe afọ asaa gasịrị, aha-aga Borisu Spasskomu.

The ndepụta mmeri nke ụwa n'asọmpi adịkwaghị ndị Soviet cheesi akaebe n'etiti ndị ụwa. Tụkwasị na nke a, ha na-agụnye Vasily Smyslov, Aleksandr Alehin, Mikhail Tal na Mikhail Botvinnik. Nke ikpeazụ bụ nke mbụ Soviet mmeri na nke a egwuregwu.

Mikhail Botvinnik mụrụ na 1911 na Vyborg n'ógbè. Iri atọ na asaa mgbe a mụsịrị ya Mikhail aghọ ụwa cheesi mmeri site n'imeri ihe iro si Amsterdam Maksa Eyve. N'ihi na ihe niile oge nke na-ekere òkè na mpi Botvinnik egwuri iri na abụọ na narị ndị ọzọ.

Agafe onye ọ bụla ọzọ aha

Kpọkwasịwo Mikhail Botvinnik, Maks Eyve - ise World Chess onye mmeri. Ya omumu bụ Amsterdam. Na afọ anọ, nwa okoro ahụ ghọrọ nwere mmasị na cheesi. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri, ọ malitere iso na-asọmpi. Na na 1935, Max Euwe e ọdịda aha nke ụwa cheesi mmeri.

Aha gafere ya, ya mere, na-ekwu okwu, ketara n'aka GM Aleksandra Alehina. Soviet cheesi player maka ezi ogologo oge obi ike adịkwaghị ọzọ na-eme egwuregwu. Aha nke ụwa cheesi mmeri Alekhine natara mgbe ndorondoro unbeaten sooks Raulem Capablanca na 1927. Ozugbo a aha e efu. Nke a mere na 1935 na a egwuregwu na Maksom Eyve. Otú ọ dị, mgbe oge ụfọdụ aha e weghachiri. Soviet grandmaster bụ nanị onye na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke na egwuregwu, bụ onye nwụrụ undefeated.

"The Turk"

Na 1888, a mụrụ ya na Havana Jose Raul Capablanca-and-Graupera. ya a maara dị ka "The Turk" na ihe ndị mere cheesi. Ya mere Capablanca kpọ enweghị njehie n'oge ndị ọzọ. Cuban mmeri aha meriri na 1921. Ya onye iro bụ Emanuel Lasker. Capablanca aka eminent grandmaster mere ogologo oge tupu ndorondoro. Otú ọ dị, Lasker ka ike ikwere na na na-eto eto na talent. Obi ike nke mmeri, otu mgbe ọzọ chụpụrụ Jose Raul, mgbe na 1927 ọ na-akpọ maka egwuregwu Aleksandr Alehin. Mgbe ahụ okpueze nke cheesi achị ụwa gbanwere ya onye nwe ya. Ha ghọrọ a nwaafo nke Soviet Union.

Psychology na egwuregwu

Nke abụọ World Chess onye mmeri - Emanuel Lasker. A mụrụ ya na 1868 na Germany. O nwere ihe dị ịtụnanya ndekọ na cheesi ụwa: ndị German otu aha nke iri abụọ ruo afọ asaa. Nke a mgbe mere na ihe ndị mere na egwuregwu. Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-akpọ Lasker "ọsụ ụzọ" na ubi nke psychological obibia nke craft nke cheesi. Na 1894 na World Championship na New York Emanuel mbụ mmeri. Ọ e ọdịda aha nke mmeri. Ọ ọma rụrụ ruo 68 afọ.
Na 1836, Prague mụrụ Vilgelm Steynits - ụwa mbụ cheesi mmeri. Ozizi ya metụrụ mmetụta na n'ihu ọma mmepe nke dum akụkọ ihe mere eme nke cheesi. World aha e nyere Steinitz na a kama tozuru okè afọ. N'oge ahụ ọ bụ afọ iri ise.