Alkanes: Chemical Properties

Jupụta hydrocarbons ma ọ bụ paraffins, biosoedineniya bụ ndị ụmụ irighiri nke carbon atọm jikọọ mfe (otu) nkekọ, ma ndị ọzọ nile nkeji valences na-jupụta site hydrogen atọm.

Alkanes: nkịtị Njirimara

The mbụ nnọchiteanya nke ndị homologous usoro nke methane - aputa site S5N12 ka S15N32 - mmiri mmiri, ebe ọ bụ na S16N34 - solids. Na-amụba nọmba nke carbon atọm na alkane molekul ndammana dịkwuo ha agbaze na esi isi.

Low esi hydrocarbons na a branched yinye na-ukwuu ala tụnyere ndị esi n'ókè nke ha isomers. Methane na ethane bụ odorless, obodo mmiri mmiri hydrocarbons na mmanụ ụgbọala isi (pentane na hexane) na manu oku, elu homologs ya nwere methane. Jupụta hydrocarbons bụ Mkpa ọkụ ka mmiri, na ihe fọrọ unyi anaghị agbasa na na ya. Jupụta hydrocarbons ngwa ngwa soluble na organic solvents, na mmiri mmiri alkanes onwe ha bụ ndị magburu onwe solvents.

Alkanes: Chemical Properties

N'ihi na ndị a biosoedineny ji ala reactivity. Ha na-inert, nke na-egosipụta na ha aha - paraffins. Nke a bụ n'ihi na na Ọdịdị nke ụmụ irighiri C na H atọm jikọrọ sigma agbụ. The chemical inertness nke a bekee ruru ha molekụla bughi atụmatụ. Iji agbaji sigma nkekọ, ị mkpa na-eji a otutu nke ike. Basic chemical. Njirimara nke alkanes, ie Jeremaya mere na nke ha na-abanye, a nitration mmeghachi omume, halogenation, sulfonation, sulfochlorination, cracking. Alkane buu Jeremaya mere butere site radicals, UV ma ọ bụ gamma radieshon, peroxides, kpo oku. Na nke a, ha na-ji abụọ na ụdị ndị Jeremaya mere: nnọchi nke hydrogen na a ezumike njikọ "carbon-hydrogen" na cleavage nke molekul na-agbawa nke C-C ma ọ bụ C-H.

Alkanes: chemical Njirimara. The mmeghachi omume nke buu halogenation

Mmeghari a na-akpọ mgbe ụfọdụ metalepsiey. Ọ nwere ike triggered site ìhè anyanwụ. The ọchịchịrị na 250-400 ° C ma ọ bụ na ọnụnọ nke akpali (ọla kọpa chloride, ọla kọpa chloride, tin) halogen atọm sequentially na hydrogen atọm na ụmụ irighiri nke alkanes.

Alkanes: chemical Njirimara. nitration mmeghachi omume

The Nitro otu na-adị mfe arụchiteere hydrogen na tertiary, sekọndrị arọ na nnọọ ike isi carbon atọm. Ugbu a ulo oru ọnụ ọgụgụ nitration nke alkanes a rụrụ na gas na-adọ na 150-490 ° C na nitric oxide ma ọ bụ nitric acid vapors.

Alkanes: chemical Njirimara. The mmeghachi omume nke sulfochlorination

Na jupụta hydrocarbons ka a ngwakọta nke sọlfọ dioxide na chlorine. Akpali mgbe ndị peroxides ma ọ UV radieshon. Mmeghari a na-iji na-emepụta sịntetik detergents (detergents). On alkilsulfohloridy bụ alkalis na-eduga ná guzobe nke alkaline salts nke sulphonic asịd, bughi mmiri nke detergents (pastes, ntụ).

Jupụta hydrocarbons - na akụrụngwa n'ihi njikọ nke dị iche iche organic bekee. A mkpa maka njikọ nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ nkwadebe nke alkenes si alkanes, ma ọ bụ unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Cleavage nke hydrogen site na alkane molekul ma ọ bụ dehydrogenation n'iru nke akpali na n'okpuru kpo oku (460 ° C) na-enye ohere iji nweta achọrọ alkenes. The ụzọ nke ọxịdashọn nke alkanes na ala okpomọkụ na ọnụnọ nke akpali (magnesium salts). Nke a na-enye ohere na ezubere iche mmetụta na mmeghachi omume na-enweta ndị dị mkpa na ngwaahịa nke ọxịdashọn na usoro nke chemical njikọ. Ka ihe atụ, na ọxịdashọn nke elu alkanes nwetara dị iche iche elu alcohols ma ọ bụ elu ọdụdụ asịd.

Alkanes cleavage Oputakwara na ndị ọzọ ọnọdụ (ọkụ, cracking). Jupụta hydrocarbons gēsure a-acha anụnụ anụnụ ire ọkụ ntọhapụ nke ukwu ichekwa okpomọkụ. A Njirimara ekwe na-eji ha dị ka elu-kalori mmanụ ụgbọala n'ebe obibi na na ụlọ ọrụ.