Angiosperms: ihe atụ. okooko osisi

Group angiosperms kpụrụ n'elu 125 nde. Afọ gara aga. Na ruo ugbu a, e nwere esemokwu banyere ihe ndị na oge (oge) nke ha na omume. Ụfọdụ na-akpọ ndị Cretaceous oge, ndị ọzọ na-ekwu okwu nke mbụ ogbo, nke atọ na-ekwu na mgbe e mesịrị.

Obi abụọ adịghị ya, otu ihe na-anọgide: a udi nke osisi nwere a kasị ọnọdụ na biri zuru okè na niile iberibe nke ụwa, si ebe okpomọkụ oké ọhịa mmiri na-agwụcha na-ekpo ọkụ na oké desat of Africa na Arctic.

Gịnị ka ha bụ, angiosperms? Ihe atụ, e ji mara na Njirimara taxon nhazi ọkwa tụlere n'okpuru.

Angiosperms: a n'ozuzu nnyocha

The aha nke ndị nnọchiteanya nke otu a natara maka ike na-eburu osisi nke juu ma ọ bụ ike anụ ahụ nke nwa ebu n'afọ. Mgbe niile, na ọnọdụ nke ifuru, nke bụ ihe e ji mara nke a taxon kpụrụ a dịgasị iche iche nke shapes na nha, na agba na ekwukwa n'akwụkwọ uru nke ihe owuwu. Ha na-akpọ mkpụrụ osisi.

The osisi n'onwe ya - bụ ụzọ mgbapụ, na-ahapụ n'ala na-akpata usoro na nwere a ifuru, na esiwe na epupụta. Reproductive ngwa, ihe e ji mara ihe owuwu ma na-enye ohere iji imeghari ọ bụla ebe obibi na imeri ókèala ndị ọhụrụ maka mmezi - nke a bụ ifuru.

More-aga n'ihu ihe owuwu, nke pụtara n'oge mmalite nke atụmatụ na ngwaọrụ ekwe nnọchiteanya chụpụ gymnosperms, mosses na fern. Taa, ụwa anyị na osisi na-adịkwaghị mara mma, na-egbuke egbuke, a dịgasị iche iche nke ndụ Nleta angiosperms. Ihe Nlereanya nke ndị a pụrụ ịkpata a nnọọ ogologo oge, n'ihi na ọ bụ naanị otu nwa bụ karịa 13 puku. Nkenke anyị nwere ike ikwu nke a: niile osisi na ifuru - ya angiosperms.

The n'ozuzu Ọdịdị nke atụmatụ

The isi akụkụ nke nwere onye ọ bụla so n'òtù - ndị a na-ahụkarị ka niile elu osisi: mgbọrọgwụ, na esiwe, epupụta. Ọzọ Ọdịdị mbo angiosperms ekwe omume adịghị adabere na mmiri maka ozuzu usoro bụ ifuru.

ifuru akụkụ, stipules, awụnye peduncle, corolla nke petals, nwa osisi, pistil, ihere, stamens. All nke a owuwu ndị ahụ dị ka omumu akụkụ, nakwa dị ka ndị nke na-n'ihu converted n'ime nwa ebu n'afọ, nke na-echebe mkpụrụ ntozu okè.

People ekele osisi okooko osisi mara mma na ịdị nro, obi ụtọ-esi ísì ụtọ. Jiri nke ọgwụ Njirimara nke adịrị bara uru extracts a na-akọ iji nweta uru kemmiri na tọrọ ụtọ mkpụrụ osisi.

N'ihi na osisi onwe ha ifuru - bara uru dị mkpa ngwa, nke naputa ha mmiri, dabere na ozuzu, n'ihi na ugbu a ọ na-eme na-enyemaka nke abụọ njikọta. Mkpụrụ osisi na-enye nche na-echebe mkpụrụ, nakwa dị ka isonye na ha dispersal site na-eri ụmụ anụmanụ, na-a nnukwu gbakwunyere na ọdịiche na Ọdịdị nke angiosperm osisi n'etiti ndị ọzọ.

Dị iche iche Ọdịdị nke okooko osisi, dịgasị iche iche nke ha iche-iche nwere ike isi mụbaa ụzọ nke pollination, nke nwekwara-eme ka obosara dissemination na dispersal nke osisi.

atụmatụ

N'ezie, ihe ndị kasị mkpa na a pụrụ ịdabere ọhụrụ maka okooko bụ guzobere ifuru. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị nanị na nke a, ma ndị ọzọ ịrịba ama nke angiosperms mma mesie ma na-egosi ha dominance nke uka n'etiti osisi. Dị ka ihe atụ:

• Ebe mma conduction usoro esịnede phloem myọ ọcha na phloem anụ ahụ. Nke a na-enye ohere ngwa ngwa ibufe ndị dị mkpa mineral na mmiri nakwa dị ka organic bekee na-akwalite chọrọ osisi akụkụ na a na-ele n'ihu Ịchekwa.
• Ikpuchido nkpuru pericarp akụkụ, mgbe oké-fleshed mkpụrụ.
• The iche iche nke pollination (ifufe, ahụhụ, ụmụ anụmanụ, nnụnụ, onwe-pollination, cross-pollination, na ndị ọzọ).
• Reproductive akụkụ (gametophytes) na-enwe ike ịzụlite ngwa ngwa na nanị, na-n'okpuru nchebe nke osisi sporophyte.
• The Biochemical mejupụtara nke anụ ahụ. Ọtụtụ nnọchiteanya nwere nsi alkaloids, flavonoids, obodo, na ihe, nke na-egbochi ha na-eri ụmụ anụmanụ na-ekwe ka ha na-ebelata uto nke osisi ndị ọzọ.
• Ọdịdị nke angiosperms agụnye ịdị adị ha dị iche iche ndụ forms - osisi, osisi, bushes, osisi, grasses, vine.

Ndị a pụrụ iche atụmatụ ka otu a osisi bụ nnọọ ewu ewu, gbasiri, ọma na-emegharị na resettlement. Nakwa dị ka mkpa ma dị mkpa n'ihi na onye na ahịa ya.

nhazi ọkwa

E nwere ihe karịrị 250,000 ụdị angiosperms, n'otu 13,000 ịmụ nwa si 350 ezinụlọ. Systematics ọtụtụ ezu nke taxa na ndị nnọchiteanya.

The nhazi ọkwa dabeere isi angiosperms ọmụmụ, nke e nwere ihe abụọ:

• monocots;
• bipartite.

Onye ọ bụla na klas na-anọchi anya a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ezinụlọ, gụnyere ụdị dị iche iche nke ndụ, na-ahụkarị na niile n'ókèala.

Class dicots

Ọ na-agụnye angiosperm osisi, nke fọrọ nke nta onye ọ bụla nwere n'ụlọ n'ụdị potted okooko osisi. Ọ Violets, begonias, spatifillyum, roba osisi. Of ugbo niile Rosaceae na Solanaceae, Cruciferae na urukurubụba, Compositae - Rosehip, tomato, cucumber, poteto, kabeeji, mkpụrụ vaịn, eggplant, buckwheat na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. N'etiti iche nke osisi na-enwe na okooko osisi, ihe atụ ndị ahụ bụ: oak, ash, maple, Linden, birch na na. Aku na uba mkpa nnochite anya, na isi mmalite nke bara uru ngwaọrụ: owu, linen, jute, Hevea, cinnamon, hemp, laurel na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.

Total Dicotyledones nwere n'elu 170 puku. Umu anumanu na osisi, na-anọchite anya ihe dị ka 75% niile okooko osisi. Na ha nhazi ọkwa akụkụ 360 ezinụlọ na 60 iwu pooled site 7 subclasses.

Akụkụ a bipartite

E nwere ọtụtụ ihe isi.

1. Presence na nkpuru cotyledon abụọ (halves). Nke a bụ karịsịa omume na-ahụ ihe atụ nkpuru legumes. E nwere wezụga na otu ma ọ bụ 3-4 cotyledons.
2. Ụdị mgbọrọgwụ usoro: mkpara. Ọ nwere fọrọ nke nta niile data okooko osisi. Ihe Nlereanya nke na ọ dị mfe na-eso: ose, hemp, nettle, begonias, akwụkwọ nri na na. Wezụga - osisi iche-iche.
3. Ifuru fọrọ nke nta niile four- ma ọ bụ ise-membered. Adịkarịghị ọzọ.

klas Monocotyledones

E nwere ihe dị 80 puku dị iche iche na-anọchite anya, n'otu n'ime ezinụlọ. Ọtụtụ ihe bara uru angiosperms, nke na-agụnye ndị na-esonụ: niile ọka, Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Banana, Sedge, ọtụtụ ọbụ aka ya. Ma nke ahụ bụ bụghị dum ndepụta, n'ihi na ezinụlọ ọ bụla na-agụnye a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke kpọmkwem ụdị nke na-anọchite anya.

Bara uru nke ukwuu ụmụ mmadụ nri ụlọ ọrụ na-ọka. Ndị a na-kasị akọ na omenala nke ụwa: wheat, osikapa, barley, rye, ọka ndị ọzọ.

Key atụmatụ nke monocots

E nwere ọtụtụ ihe isi:

• mgbọrọgwụ usoro - fibrous, na a wezụga ole na ole;
• doo lanceolate, elongated;
• ifuru tripartite adịkarịghị four- ma ọ bụ abụọ;
• cotyledon na ẹmbrayo naanị.

Klas nke angiosperms na ha ọtụtụ ndị nnọchiteanya na-etolite na dịgasị iche iche na ịma mma nke osisi, nke bụ otú dị mma ịnụ ụtọ na nke na-enye anyị ndụ. Nke ahụ ziri ezi, n'ihi na osisi na-emepụta oxygen, na onye ọ bụla nke ụmụ anụmanụ adịghị ike ndụ na-enweghị ihe a gas.