Chemical mmewere - atọm na otu ụdị ego na ntọala

Echiche nke "chemical mmewere" ka ogologo ibu ugbu a ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị. Ya mere, na 1661 Boyle eji nke a kpebisiri ike ime ka bekee nke, n'echiche nke ya, ọ bụ ama-agaghị ekwe omume na-amalite irekasị n'ime mfe mmiri - corpuscles. Ndị ahụ na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe n'oge chemical Jeremaya mere na nwere dị iche iche akụkụ na ibu ibu.

Mgbe e mesịrị, na 1789, Lavoisier chọrọ mbụ table, nke na-agụnye 33 mfe ahu. Ná mmalite nke iri na itoolu na narị afọ. J. Dalton ewebata atọm molekụla amụma na nke J. Berzelius ekemende ekpebi maara mgbe ahụ atọm uka ọcha. Na 1869, di Mendeleev emepe na oge usoro (PS) na oge iwu. Otú ọ dị, oge a na nkọwa nke echiche e guzobere mgbe e mesịrị (mgbe nchoputa D. Moseley na George. Chadwick). N'ihe ọmụmụ ya, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mere egosiwo na ihe-ndebe nke ihe atọm nuclei bụ hà kwekọrọ ekwekọ (ordinal) nọmba nke mmewere na MS Di Mendeleev. Dị ka ihe atụ: Ịbụ (beryllium), Oghere Usoro ọgụgụ - 4, nuclear ụgwọ - 4.

Ndị a nchoputa na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nile aka mee ka ọgwụgwụ na a chemical mmewere - a ụdị atọm na otu nuclear ụgwọ. N'ihi ya, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke protons na ha otu ihe ahụ. Ugbu a, ọ na-mara 118 ọcha. N'ime ndị a, 89 - hụrụ na ọdịdị, na ndị fọdụrụ - nwetara (synthesized) ọkà mmụta sayensị. Ọ bụ uru na-arịba ama na International Union of Chemistry (IUPAC) eze ghọtara naanị 112 ọcha.

Kwa chemical mmewere nwere a aha na a na akara, nke (ọnụ na Oghere Usoro ọgụgụ na ikwu atọm uka) dere na SS Di Mendeleev. Symbols nke ụdị na-dere na ihe hà atọm ntọala ụgwọ bụ ndị mbụ akwụkwọ ozi nke Latin aha, n'ihi na ihe atụ: oxygen (Oxygen Lat.) - O, carbon (Carbon Lat.) - C, wdg Ọ bụrụ na aha ọtụtụ ọcha-amalite na n'otu akwụkwọ ozi ahụ, mgbe ahụ, ka ya shorthand tinye ọzọ akwụkwọ ozi, n'ihi na ihe atụ: edu ndú (lat. Plumbum) - Pb. Ndị a na akara na-mba. New ụdị nke superheavy atọm na otu nuclear ụgwọ, nke meghere na n'oge gara aga afọ ole na ole na-IUPAC eze ghọtara (nọmba 113, 115-118) nwere a nwa oge aha.

Chemical mmewere nwere ike ịnọgide na-ahụ ụdị ndị dị mfe umi. Rịba ama na aha nke mfe bekee nwere ike dị iche iche si ụdị aha atọm na otu ebubo nke nuclei. Ka ihe atụ, ka O (helium) adị na ọdịdị n'ụdị gas, nke molekul mejupụtara otu atọm. Ọ nwere ike na-izute allotropy onu mgbe otu mmewere nwere ike adị dị ka ọtụtụ mfe bekee (oxygen O ₂ na ozone, O _3). E nwekwara a onu nke polymorphism, ie ịdị adị nke ọtụtụ bughi ọdịiche (mgbanwe). Otu ihe atụ nke a - diamond, graphite.

Ọzọkwa ha Njirimara Atọm ụdị na hà nuclear ụgwọ ekewa ọla na nonmetals. N'ihi ya, a chemical mmewere nwere a kpọmkwem metal crystal lattice na mgbe mgbe chemical Jeremaya mere enye elu electrons etolite cations, na nonmetal - attaches ahụ na-etolite anions.

N'oge chemical Jeremaya mere mmewere bụ ka ugbu a, ebe ọ bụ na redistribution pụtara nanị elementrị ahụ na elu membranes, na ntọala nke atọm onwe ha anọgide na-agbanweghi agbanwe.

Ọ na-enyo na chemical mmewere bụ a collection of a ụfọdụ ụdị atọm na otu ebubo nke nuclei na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke protons nke igosipụta àgwà Njirimara.